BEARINGS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Sliding contact and rolling contact bearings – Design of Hydrodynamic journal bearings, Sommerfeld Number – Selection of Rolling Contact bearings – Design of Connecting rod.
Fire prevention and control systems - Fire alarms - Electrical alarm circuits -Smoke extraction and ventilation -Gas extinguishers - Types of detectors - Gas installation and components.
Heat emitters - Expansion facilities of heating system - Energy management system - Factors affecting fuels-Oil sand properties of natural gas - Air conditioning, principles and applications - Refrigerant and system characteristics – Heat recovery devices.
The document discusses principles of illumination and ventilation. It covers:
- Advantages of good illumination like preventing eye strain and creating a pleasant atmosphere.
- Requirements for ventilation systems like providing fresh air and proper air flow.
- Types of mechanical ventilation including fans, and benefits like improved indoor air quality.
- Water treatment processes such as aeration, coagulation, and disinfection to remove impurities.
- Solar water heating systems that use solar energy to heat water and the types of active and passive systems.
Introduction of lifts and Escalators -Special features required for lifting arrangement and installation-Travelators – Controls - Machine room and equipments.
UNIT-1--STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS.pptxkarthi keyan
STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS
Introduction to the design process – factors influencing machine design – Direct, Bending and torsional stress equations – calculation of principle stresses for various load combinations, Design of curved beams – crane hook and 'C' frame – Factor of safety – theories of failure – stress concentration – Design for variable loading – Soderberg, Goodman and Gerber relations
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Springs – Design of helical springs – Design of Leaf, Belleville springs and Torsion springs – Flywheels considering stresses in rims and arms for engines and punching machines. Design of Crankshaft.
SHAFTS AND COUPLINGS
Design of solid and hollow shafts based on strength, rigidity and critical speed – Keys, keyways and splines – Rigid and flexible couplings.
Fire prevention and control systems - Fire alarms - Electrical alarm circuits -Smoke extraction and ventilation -Gas extinguishers - Types of detectors - Gas installation and components.
Heat emitters - Expansion facilities of heating system - Energy management system - Factors affecting fuels-Oil sand properties of natural gas - Air conditioning, principles and applications - Refrigerant and system characteristics – Heat recovery devices.
The document discusses principles of illumination and ventilation. It covers:
- Advantages of good illumination like preventing eye strain and creating a pleasant atmosphere.
- Requirements for ventilation systems like providing fresh air and proper air flow.
- Types of mechanical ventilation including fans, and benefits like improved indoor air quality.
- Water treatment processes such as aeration, coagulation, and disinfection to remove impurities.
- Solar water heating systems that use solar energy to heat water and the types of active and passive systems.
Introduction of lifts and Escalators -Special features required for lifting arrangement and installation-Travelators – Controls - Machine room and equipments.
UNIT-1--STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS.pptxkarthi keyan
STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS
Introduction to the design process – factors influencing machine design – Direct, Bending and torsional stress equations – calculation of principle stresses for various load combinations, Design of curved beams – crane hook and 'C' frame – Factor of safety – theories of failure – stress concentration – Design for variable loading – Soderberg, Goodman and Gerber relations
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Springs – Design of helical springs – Design of Leaf, Belleville springs and Torsion springs – Flywheels considering stresses in rims and arms for engines and punching machines. Design of Crankshaft.
SHAFTS AND COUPLINGS
Design of solid and hollow shafts based on strength, rigidity and critical speed – Keys, keyways and splines – Rigid and flexible couplings.
BASICS OF MECHANISMS
Basic Mechanisms and its terminologies – Degree of freedom – Mobility – Kutzbach criterion – Grubler’s criterion for Planar Mechanisms – Grashof’s law – Kinematic inversions of Four bar chain – Single slider – Double slider Crank Chains – Quick Return Mechanisms – Mechanical advantage – Classification of Mechanisms.
UNIT-5 - FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
Friction in Screw threads – Friction clutch – Single Plate, Multi plate and Cone clutch – Torque and Efficiency Calculations. Brakes – types and applications – Conditions for self-locking and Self Energizing brakes.
GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
Gear – Types – Spur gear terminology – Law of toothed gearing – Basics of Involute and Cycloidal Tooth Forms, Interchangeability – Interference and Undercutting – Gear trains Calculations – Speed and Number of teeth – Simple, Compound and Epicyclic gear trains.
UNIT -3 -KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS.pptkarthi keyan
This document discusses different types of cam mechanisms. It defines a cam as a mechanical device used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. Cams are classified based on their input and output motions as well as the type of follower used. Various types of cams are discussed including wedge cams, spiral cams, and cylindrical cams. The document also covers cam nomenclature and the different types of follower motions including uniform, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cycloidal motion. Displacement and velocity diagrams are presented for different motion types.
Use of Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol, Gasohol and Hydrogen in Automobiles- Engine modifications required –Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of SI and CI engines with these alternate fuels - Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Fuel Cell Note: Practical Training in dismantling and assembling of Engine parts and Transmission Systems should be given to the students.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system (Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system), Electronic ignition system (Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system), Turbo chargers (WGT, VGT), Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
This document discusses different types of automobiles and their characteristics. It describes vehicles based on their purpose, weight, fuel used, capacity, number of wheels, and driver seat location. Vehicle types include passenger vehicles, goods carriers, heavy/light/medium weight vehicles running on petrol, diesel, gas or electric. Vehicles also vary based on the number of wheels from two to six. The document then discusses the chassis of vehicles, including its frame, wheels, axle, yoke, body and different classifications based on engine fitting and number of wheels. It lists characteristics of a good chassis and its main components. Finally, it covers vehicle aerodynamics and the different aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle.
UCM - Unit 5 recent trends in non-traditional machining processeskarthi keyan
This document discusses various hybrid and non-traditional machining processes including electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) and electrical discharge diamond grinding (EDDG). ECSM uses sparks generated between a cathode tool and workpiece in an electrolyte solution to remove material. Key parameters for ECSM include supply voltage, tool diameter, electrolyte composition, and gap distance. EDDG uses sparks to soften and abrade workpiece surfaces with diamond abrasives. Factors like wheel speed, current, and pulse time affect the EDDG process. Thermal processes like electric discharge micromachining (EDMM) and electron beam micromachining precisely shape conductive materials by localized melting/vaporization using electric
UCM - Unit 4 advanced nano finishing processeskarthi keyan
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic processes use magnetic fields to control abrasives.
UCM - Unit 3 -chemical and electro-chemical based processeskarthi keyan
This document discusses various chemical and electro-chemical energy based machining processes. It introduces electro-chemical machining (ECM), electro-chemical grinding (ECG), electro-chemical honing (ECH), and electro-chemical deburring (ECD). These processes use a chemical solution and electric current to remove material from a workpiece through controlled chemical etching. ECM can machine complex shapes. ECG uses both chemical etching and abrasive grinding wheels to machine hard materials with high precision and without causing structural changes to the material. Safety precautions must be followed when using acids in these electro-chemical processes.
UCM - Unit 2 -thermal and electrical energy based processeskarthi keyan
This document discusses various thermal and electrical energy based machining processes. It provides details on electrical discharge machining (EDM) including its principle of using a wire electrode to generate sparks and melt workpiece material. It describes EDM process parameters, circuits, flushing methods, and applications. The document also covers laser beam machining and plasma arc machining, explaining their working principles and key factors like accuracy and gases used. Application areas for different thermal processes are highlighted.
UCM- Unit 1-introduction to-unconventional_machining_processeskarthi keyan
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes including mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic machining. It provides classifications of unconventional processes and discusses some key processes in more detail. Specifically, it describes abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrochemical machining (ECM), and ultrasonic machining (USM), highlighting their working principles, process parameters, advantages, and applications.
Unit 5 - deflection of beams and columnskarthi keyan
1) The document discusses various methods for calculating beam deflections, including double integration, Macaulay's method, and moment area methods.
2) It also covers columns, struts, and the different types of column structures. The slenderness ratio and effective length are important parameters for columns.
3) Short columns fail due to crushing while long columns fail due to bending or buckling. The crippling or buckling load is also discussed.
Unit 4 transverse loading on beams and stresses in beamskarthi keyan
This document discusses transverse loading on beams and stresses in beams. It defines a beam as a structural member used to bear different loads and resist vertical loads, shear forces, and bending moments. It describes different types of beams like cantilever beams and types of loads like point loads, uniformly distributed loads, and uniformly varying loads. It explains that shear force is the sum of forces on one side of a beam section, while bending moment is the sum of moments. It then discusses the theory of simple or pure bending, where a beam portion is only subjected to bending moment without shear force.
Unit 3--analysis of stresses in two dimensionskarthi keyan
1) The document discusses stresses in thin and thick cylinders, including hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and stresses on inclined planes.
2) It defines thin cylinders as having a thickness less than 1/10 to 1/20 of the diameter, and thick cylinders having a thickness more than 1/20 of the diameter.
3) Formulas and methods for analyzing stresses are presented, including Lame's equation, Mohr's circle method, and stresses on thin spherical shells and thick cylinders.
1) Hollow shafts can be used where weight reduction is important since only the outer material of solid shafts is stressed to the allowable limit, wasting the inner material.
2) The general torsion equation for solid shafts also applies to hollow shafts under the same assumptions.
3) Helical springs come in closed coil and open coil varieties and are used to absorb shocks and resist sudden forces between devices. They are made of spring steel or stainless steel wire.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
BASICS OF MECHANISMS
Basic Mechanisms and its terminologies – Degree of freedom – Mobility – Kutzbach criterion – Grubler’s criterion for Planar Mechanisms – Grashof’s law – Kinematic inversions of Four bar chain – Single slider – Double slider Crank Chains – Quick Return Mechanisms – Mechanical advantage – Classification of Mechanisms.
UNIT-5 - FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
Friction in Screw threads – Friction clutch – Single Plate, Multi plate and Cone clutch – Torque and Efficiency Calculations. Brakes – types and applications – Conditions for self-locking and Self Energizing brakes.
GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
Gear – Types – Spur gear terminology – Law of toothed gearing – Basics of Involute and Cycloidal Tooth Forms, Interchangeability – Interference and Undercutting – Gear trains Calculations – Speed and Number of teeth – Simple, Compound and Epicyclic gear trains.
UNIT -3 -KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS.pptkarthi keyan
This document discusses different types of cam mechanisms. It defines a cam as a mechanical device used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion. Cams are classified based on their input and output motions as well as the type of follower used. Various types of cams are discussed including wedge cams, spiral cams, and cylindrical cams. The document also covers cam nomenclature and the different types of follower motions including uniform, simple harmonic, uniform acceleration/retardation, and cycloidal motion. Displacement and velocity diagrams are presented for different motion types.
Use of Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol, Gasohol and Hydrogen in Automobiles- Engine modifications required –Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of SI and CI engines with these alternate fuels - Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Fuel Cell Note: Practical Training in dismantling and assembling of Engine parts and Transmission Systems should be given to the students.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system (Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system), Electronic ignition system (Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system), Turbo chargers (WGT, VGT), Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
This document discusses different types of automobiles and their characteristics. It describes vehicles based on their purpose, weight, fuel used, capacity, number of wheels, and driver seat location. Vehicle types include passenger vehicles, goods carriers, heavy/light/medium weight vehicles running on petrol, diesel, gas or electric. Vehicles also vary based on the number of wheels from two to six. The document then discusses the chassis of vehicles, including its frame, wheels, axle, yoke, body and different classifications based on engine fitting and number of wheels. It lists characteristics of a good chassis and its main components. Finally, it covers vehicle aerodynamics and the different aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle.
UCM - Unit 5 recent trends in non-traditional machining processeskarthi keyan
This document discusses various hybrid and non-traditional machining processes including electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) and electrical discharge diamond grinding (EDDG). ECSM uses sparks generated between a cathode tool and workpiece in an electrolyte solution to remove material. Key parameters for ECSM include supply voltage, tool diameter, electrolyte composition, and gap distance. EDDG uses sparks to soften and abrade workpiece surfaces with diamond abrasives. Factors like wheel speed, current, and pulse time affect the EDDG process. Thermal processes like electric discharge micromachining (EDMM) and electron beam micromachining precisely shape conductive materials by localized melting/vaporization using electric
UCM - Unit 4 advanced nano finishing processeskarthi keyan
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic processes use magnetic fields to control abrasives.
UCM - Unit 3 -chemical and electro-chemical based processeskarthi keyan
This document discusses various chemical and electro-chemical energy based machining processes. It introduces electro-chemical machining (ECM), electro-chemical grinding (ECG), electro-chemical honing (ECH), and electro-chemical deburring (ECD). These processes use a chemical solution and electric current to remove material from a workpiece through controlled chemical etching. ECM can machine complex shapes. ECG uses both chemical etching and abrasive grinding wheels to machine hard materials with high precision and without causing structural changes to the material. Safety precautions must be followed when using acids in these electro-chemical processes.
UCM - Unit 2 -thermal and electrical energy based processeskarthi keyan
This document discusses various thermal and electrical energy based machining processes. It provides details on electrical discharge machining (EDM) including its principle of using a wire electrode to generate sparks and melt workpiece material. It describes EDM process parameters, circuits, flushing methods, and applications. The document also covers laser beam machining and plasma arc machining, explaining their working principles and key factors like accuracy and gases used. Application areas for different thermal processes are highlighted.
UCM- Unit 1-introduction to-unconventional_machining_processeskarthi keyan
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes including mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic machining. It provides classifications of unconventional processes and discusses some key processes in more detail. Specifically, it describes abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrochemical machining (ECM), and ultrasonic machining (USM), highlighting their working principles, process parameters, advantages, and applications.
Unit 5 - deflection of beams and columnskarthi keyan
1) The document discusses various methods for calculating beam deflections, including double integration, Macaulay's method, and moment area methods.
2) It also covers columns, struts, and the different types of column structures. The slenderness ratio and effective length are important parameters for columns.
3) Short columns fail due to crushing while long columns fail due to bending or buckling. The crippling or buckling load is also discussed.
Unit 4 transverse loading on beams and stresses in beamskarthi keyan
This document discusses transverse loading on beams and stresses in beams. It defines a beam as a structural member used to bear different loads and resist vertical loads, shear forces, and bending moments. It describes different types of beams like cantilever beams and types of loads like point loads, uniformly distributed loads, and uniformly varying loads. It explains that shear force is the sum of forces on one side of a beam section, while bending moment is the sum of moments. It then discusses the theory of simple or pure bending, where a beam portion is only subjected to bending moment without shear force.
Unit 3--analysis of stresses in two dimensionskarthi keyan
1) The document discusses stresses in thin and thick cylinders, including hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and stresses on inclined planes.
2) It defines thin cylinders as having a thickness less than 1/10 to 1/20 of the diameter, and thick cylinders having a thickness more than 1/20 of the diameter.
3) Formulas and methods for analyzing stresses are presented, including Lame's equation, Mohr's circle method, and stresses on thin spherical shells and thick cylinders.
1) Hollow shafts can be used where weight reduction is important since only the outer material of solid shafts is stressed to the allowable limit, wasting the inner material.
2) The general torsion equation for solid shafts also applies to hollow shafts under the same assumptions.
3) Helical springs come in closed coil and open coil varieties and are used to absorb shocks and resist sudden forces between devices. They are made of spring steel or stainless steel wire.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
13. BEARING LUBRICATION
Lubrication reduces friction. It also prevents wear and corrosion,
and guards against
solid and liquid contamination. Theoretically, a properly
lubricated bearing operating
under ideal conditions will last forever. This is not possible in
reality, of course. But a
properly lubricated bearing has the best chance of achieving its
maximum service life.