1. The document discusses different types of mathematical models including numeric, algebraic, and graphical models. It provides examples of each. 2. Numeric models analyze numbers and data to understand phenomena, while algebraic models use formulas to relate variable quantities. Graphical models visually represent numeric or algebraic models. 3. The document also discusses problem solving techniques, including understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and reviewing the solution. It provides examples of using these techniques to solve equations and interpret results.

1. 1.1
Modeling and
Equation
Solving
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc.

2. What you’ll learn about
 Numeric Models
 Algebraic Models
 Graphic Models
 The Zero Factor Property
 Problem Solving
 Grapher Failure and Hidden Behavior
 A Word About Proof
… and why
Numerical, algebraic, and graphical models provide
different methods to visualize, analyze, and understand
data.
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3. Mathematical Model
A mathematical model is a mathematical
structure that approximates phenomena for the
purpose of studying or predicting their behavior.
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4. Numeric Model
A numeric model is a kind of mathematical
model in which numbers (or data) are analyzed
to gain insights into phenomena.
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5. Algebraic Model
An algebraic model uses formulas to relate
variable quantities associated with the
phenomena being studied.
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6. Example Comparing Pizzas
A pizzeria sells a rectangular 20" by 22" pizza for
the same price as itslarge round pizza (24" diameter).
If both pizzas are the same thickness, which option
gives the most pizza for the money?
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7. Solution
A pizzeria sells a rectangular 20" by 22" pizza for the same price as its
large round pizza (24" diameter). If both pizzas are the same thickness,
which option gives the most pizza for the money?
Compare the areas of the pizzas.
Rectangular pizza: Area    20  22 
440 square inches
2
l w
 
 r  
Circular pizza: Area 144 452.4 square inches
 2
    
24
2
 
The round pizza is larger and therefore gives more for t
he money.
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8. Graphical Model
A graphical model is a visible representation of
a numerical model or an algebraic model that
gives insight into the relationships between
variable quantities.
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9. The Zero Factor Property
A product of real numbers is zero if and only if
at least one of the factors in the product is zero.
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10. Example Solving an Equation
Solve the equation x2  8  4x algebraically.
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11. Solution
Solve the equation x2  8  4x algebraically.
Set the given equation equal to zero:
x2  4x  8  0
Use the quadratic formula to solve for x.
x 
4  16  32
2
 2  2 3
x  2  2 3  –5.464101615
and
x  2  2 3  1.464101615
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12. Fundamental Connection
If a is a real number that solves the equation
f (x) = 0,
then these three statements are equivalent:
1. The number a is a root (or solution) of the
equation f (x) = 0.
2. The number a is a zero of y = f (x).
3. The number a is an x-intercept of the graph of
y = f (x). (Sometimes the point (a, 0) is referred
to as an x-intercept.)
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13. Pólya’s Four Problem-Solving Steps
1. Understand the problem.
2. Devise a plan.
3. Carry out the plan.
4. Look back.
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14. A Problem-Solving Process
Step 1 – Understand the problem.
 Read the problem as stated, several times if
necessary.
 Be sure you understand the meaning of each term
used.
 Restate the problem in your own words. Discuss the
problem with others if you can.
 Identify clearly the information that you need to solve
the problem.
 Find the information you need from the given data.
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15. A Problem-Solving Process
Step 2 – Develop a mathematical model of the
problem.
 Draw a picture to visualize the problem situation. It
usually helps.
 Introduce a variable to represent the quantity you
seek. (There may be more than one.)
 Use the statement of the problem to find an equation
or inequality that relates the variables you seek to
quantities that you know.
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16. A Problem-Solving Process
Step 3 – Solve the mathematical model and support
or confirm the solution.
 Solve algebraically using traditional algebraic models
and support graphically or support numerically using
a graphing utility.
 Solve graphically or numerically using a graphing
utility and confirm algebraically using traditional
algebraic methods.
 Solve graphically or numerically because there is no
other way possible.
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17. A Problem-Solving Process
Step 4 – Interpret the solution in the problem
setting.
 Translate your mathematical result into the problem
setting and decide whether the result makes sense.
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18. Example Seeing Grapher Failure
Graph the equation of y = 3/(2x – 5) on a graphing
calculator. Is there an x-intercept?
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19. Solution
Graph the equation of y = 3/(2x – 5) on a graphing
calculator. Is there an x-intercept?
Notice that the graph appears to show an x-intercept
between 2 and 3. Confirm this algebraically.
0 
3
2x  5
02x  5 3
0  3
This statement is false for all x, so there is no x-intercept.
The grapher shows a vertical asymptote at x = 2.5.
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20. Quick Review
Factor the following expressions completely
over the real numbers.
1. x2  9
2. 4y2  81
3. x2  8x 16
4. 2x2  7x  3
5. x4  3x2  4
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21. Quick Review Solutions
Factor the following expressions completely
over the real numbers.
1. x2  9 (x  3)(x  3)
2. 4y2  81 (2y  9)(2y  9)
3. x2  8x 16 (x  4)2
4. 2x2  7x  3 (2x 1)(x  3)
5. x4  3x2  4 (x2 1)(x  2)(x  2)
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