The document provides an overview of reservoir simulation and performance analysis methods. It discusses static and dynamic reservoir modeling, including history matching and prediction. The key points covered are:
1) Reservoir simulation involves building static and dynamic reservoir models to match historical production and predict future performance.
2) History matching is used to validate the simulation model by comparing calculated pressures, saturations, and production to historical data.
3) After achieving a match, the model can be used to predict future field performance under different development scenarios and identify new infill locations.
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
This document discusses formation damage, which is a reduction in permeability near the wellbore caused by drilling or treatment fluids. It outlines various causes of formation damage including clay swelling, fluid invasion, and fines migration. The effects are reduced well performance and sub-optimal oil production. Control methods include improved drilling fluids, acid stimulation to dissolve mineral deposits, and hydraulic fracturing. Acidization specifically involves spotting acid to restore permeability by dissolving damaged materials and allowing reservoir fluids to flow freely again.
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
Artificial lift technology uses mechanical devices like pumps or velocity strings to increase the flow of liquids like oil or water from production wells. Artificial lift is needed when reservoir pressure is insufficient to lift fluids to the surface. Common artificial lift systems include reciprocating rod lift, progressing cavity pumping, hydraulic lift, gas lift, plunger lift, and electric submersible pumping. The appropriate system depends on factors like well characteristics, reservoir properties, fluids, surface constraints, and economics. Key components include pumping units, motors, sucker rods, pumps and accessories. Benefits include flexibility and ability to optimize production levels. Limitations depend on the specific system but may include depth rating, temperature sensitivity, fluid properties, or need for a
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
This document discusses formation damage, which is a reduction in permeability near the wellbore caused by drilling or treatment fluids. It outlines various causes of formation damage including clay swelling, fluid invasion, and fines migration. The effects are reduced well performance and sub-optimal oil production. Control methods include improved drilling fluids, acid stimulation to dissolve mineral deposits, and hydraulic fracturing. Acidization specifically involves spotting acid to restore permeability by dissolving damaged materials and allowing reservoir fluids to flow freely again.
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
Artificial lift technology uses mechanical devices like pumps or velocity strings to increase the flow of liquids like oil or water from production wells. Artificial lift is needed when reservoir pressure is insufficient to lift fluids to the surface. Common artificial lift systems include reciprocating rod lift, progressing cavity pumping, hydraulic lift, gas lift, plunger lift, and electric submersible pumping. The appropriate system depends on factors like well characteristics, reservoir properties, fluids, surface constraints, and economics. Key components include pumping units, motors, sucker rods, pumps and accessories. Benefits include flexibility and ability to optimize production levels. Limitations depend on the specific system but may include depth rating, temperature sensitivity, fluid properties, or need for a
This document discusses using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) for history matching and production forecasts of oil reservoirs. It presents the EnKF algorithm and applies it to a synthetic 3D reservoir model. The EnKF allows updating reservoir properties like porosity and permeability from production data. Results show the EnKF ensemble matches observations better than without updating. Further work is needed to study the impact of observation availability and representativeness of the ensemble.
This document discusses well testing and well test analysis software programs. It provides information on:
- The objectives of well testing including identifying fluid types and reservoir parameters
- Types of well tests including productivity tests for development wells and descriptive tests for exploration wells
- Popular well test software programs for analytical and numerical analysis including Saphir, PanSystem, Interpret 2000, and Weltest 200
- An overview of the Weltest 200 program which links analytical and numerical well test analysis through different modules
- Using an example of liquid productivity or IPR testing to demonstrate how well test data is incorporated and analyzed in the software
This document summarizes the process of reservoir modeling and simulation for the Saldanadi Gas Field in Bangladesh using Petrel 2009.1.1 and FrontSim software. The workflow includes collecting seismic, well, and production data; interpreting horizons and faults from seismic lines; developing structural and stratigraphic models; modeling properties; simulating initial conditions and production; and history matching simulation results to field data. The objectives are to better understand reservoir characteristics, locate new wells, and forecast production and investment needs to further develop the field.
Routine core analysis and special core analysisShujaSamejo
Routine and special core analysis are two categories of core analysis. Routine core analysis provides basic properties like porosity, permeability, and saturation. Special core analysis extends this data through additional experiments to determine properties like capillary pressure, relative permeability, and wettability which are used to better understand reservoir performance. Proper handling and preservation of core samples is important to maintain their original state for accurate analysis.
This document provides information on estimating oil and gas reserves. It defines various classifications of reserves from proven to unproven, and how reserves are estimated using volumetric, material balance, and production performance methods. The key classifications discussed are proven and probable reserves, with proven reserves having a 90% certainty of recovery and probable having 50% certainty. Volumetric estimation calculates initial hydrocarbon volumes using parameters like rock volume, porosity, fluid properties, and recovery factors.
The document discusses advances in gas data acquisition systems and gas ratio analysis that enable more accurate interpretation of hydrocarbon zones from drilling mud gas returns. Key points:
- New constant volume degassers extract gas samples more representative of formation fluids, improving consistency. Improved detection also provides high-resolution analysis.
- Gas ratio analysis, comparing quantities of heavier and lighter hydrocarbon fractions, effectively identifies fluid types when validated data is carefully applied. Ratios like LH, LM, and HM have exceptional results determining reservoirs in Southeast Asia.
- Presenting basic gas data alongside ratios and variables affecting the data brings out features to characterize fluids and reach final judgments through cut-offs and comparisons. These advances enable more reliable real-
The acidizing is pumping of the acids into the wellbore to remove near well formation damage and other damaging substances, matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin damage that caused by drilling, completion, work over, well killing or injection fluids.
This project is concerned with carbonate reservoirs that exceeded in Kurdistan subsurface formations.
Conduct a case study using real industrial data of Arab-D formation (Ghawar oil field – Saudi Arabia) which has five water wells were treated with 50 gallon of HCl acid The treatment acid was placed with coiled tubing and foam was used as diverter. The foam was made from nitrogen, water and surfactants.
Water injection pressure, injection rate and injection flow meter profiles prior to and after the treatment for the five wells show optimistic results to an acceptable extent
In coiled tubing acid placement, the coiled tubing/borehole annulus is usually filled with acid which allow the acid to be in contact with the entire zone at bottom hole temperature condition. This reduces the degree of diversion effectiveness.
Recommend people who work in carbonate reservoirs they should done their work on petrophysical analysis and the porosity should not have exceeded by the acids
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering fundamentals including:
- Three types of reservoir fluids based on compressibility: incompressible, slightly compressible, and compressible.
- Three flow regimes in reservoirs: steady-state, unsteady-state, and pseudosteady-state.
- Common reservoir geometries that influence fluid flow including radial, linear, spherical, and hemispherical.
- Darcy's law and its applications to steady-state fluid flow in reservoirs, including for different fluid types and geometries.
- The document discusses reservoir characteristics including rock and fluid properties that are important to understand for optimal hydrocarbon recovery. Techniques like seismic data, well logging, and testing provide valuable data to build reservoir models.
- Key rock properties that impact hydrocarbon storage and flow include porosity, permeability, and wettability. Core analysis in the lab and well logs provide data on these properties.
- Understanding fluid properties like phase behavior under reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature is also important for predicting production performance and fluid composition.
This document discusses tight reservoirs, which are reservoirs with very low permeability (less than 0.1 mD) and porosity (less than 10%). It defines tight gas reservoirs, tight oil reservoirs, and the characteristic properties of tight reservoirs, such as low porosity and permeability. It also discusses the importance of logging, factors to consider for tight reservoirs like geologic and reservoir properties, and techniques used to produce from tight reservoirs, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Tight reservoirs account for a large portion of remaining oil and gas reserves and require advanced drilling and completion techniques to produce economically.
The document provides an introduction to Bayesian inverse theory and its applications in subsurface characterization and reservoir modeling. It discusses how Bayesian inversion can be used to estimate reservoir properties like porosity and saturation from seismic data by treating the inverse problem as estimating the posterior distribution given prior information and measurements. It also describes how the method can be extended to handle multimodal distributions using Gaussian mixture models. Further applications discussed include time-lapse inversion to estimate property changes over time and history matching to update reservoir models based on production data.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
The document is a report on enhanced oil recovery through caustic flooding submitted by Dhiman Kakati. It discusses the mechanisms of caustic flooding including reduction of oil-water interfacial tension through formation of in-situ surfactants. Experiments were conducted to measure the interfacial tension between Assam crude oil and an aqueous solution of 1% sodium bicarbonate using a spinning drop tensiometer. The results showed that interfacial tension remained constant for a fixed rotational speed but increased with increasing drop diameter. The report concludes that Assam crude oil would be responsive to caustic flooding based on the experimental observations and outlines some key factors for effective implementation of caustic flooding in oil reservoirs.
This document discusses methods for calculating hydrocarbon volumes in reservoirs, including volumetric and material balance methods. It provides details on calculating oil, gas, and total hydrocarbon volumes based on parameters like porosity, net thickness, and saturation. It also covers reservoir drive mechanisms that can provide energy for hydrocarbon production, such as solution gas drive, gas cap drive, water drive, compaction drive, and combination drives. Reservoir performance data like pressure trends and gas-oil ratios can help identify the active drive mechanism.
The document discusses various oil recovery techniques, focusing on waterflooding. It summarizes that waterflooding involves injecting water into reservoirs to increase pressure and displace oil towards production wells, potentially recovering up to 50% of oil originally in place. The document discusses factors in choosing between peripheral and pattern water injection schemes and describes various pattern designs, noting 5-spot and 7-spot patterns are commonly used.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts for predicting vertical oil well performance, including productivity index, inflow performance relationship, and methods for modeling these relationships. It discusses key topics like:
- Defining and measuring productivity index using stabilized well test data
- How productivity index, inflow performance relationship, and well flow rates relate under pseudosteady state conditions
- Factors influencing productivity index like fluid properties and relative permeability
- Empirical methods like Vogel's method for generating inflow performance curves over the life of depleting reservoirs
The document is from a course on reservoir engineering concepts for vertical wells, with the goal of teaching practical equations to model well performance and factors governing fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course focused on fundamental rock properties. It discusses key topics like porosity, saturation, wettability, capillary pressure, and how they are determined through laboratory core analysis. Porosity refers to the pore space available to hold fluids and is classified as absolute or effective porosity. Saturation represents the fraction of pore space occupied by a fluid. Capillary pressure describes the pressure differential between immiscible fluids based on interface curvature. Laboratory tests on core samples are used to characterize these important rock properties.
Investigation of Solid State Hydrides For Autonomous Fuel Cell Vehicleschrisrobschu
Joint Department of Energy Department of Navy
Hydrogen storage material aluminum hydride, or Alane, for Unmanned Undersea Vehicles
St134 teprovich 2017_o
This document discusses using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) for history matching and production forecasts of oil reservoirs. It presents the EnKF algorithm and applies it to a synthetic 3D reservoir model. The EnKF allows updating reservoir properties like porosity and permeability from production data. Results show the EnKF ensemble matches observations better than without updating. Further work is needed to study the impact of observation availability and representativeness of the ensemble.
This document discusses well testing and well test analysis software programs. It provides information on:
- The objectives of well testing including identifying fluid types and reservoir parameters
- Types of well tests including productivity tests for development wells and descriptive tests for exploration wells
- Popular well test software programs for analytical and numerical analysis including Saphir, PanSystem, Interpret 2000, and Weltest 200
- An overview of the Weltest 200 program which links analytical and numerical well test analysis through different modules
- Using an example of liquid productivity or IPR testing to demonstrate how well test data is incorporated and analyzed in the software
This document summarizes the process of reservoir modeling and simulation for the Saldanadi Gas Field in Bangladesh using Petrel 2009.1.1 and FrontSim software. The workflow includes collecting seismic, well, and production data; interpreting horizons and faults from seismic lines; developing structural and stratigraphic models; modeling properties; simulating initial conditions and production; and history matching simulation results to field data. The objectives are to better understand reservoir characteristics, locate new wells, and forecast production and investment needs to further develop the field.
Routine core analysis and special core analysisShujaSamejo
Routine and special core analysis are two categories of core analysis. Routine core analysis provides basic properties like porosity, permeability, and saturation. Special core analysis extends this data through additional experiments to determine properties like capillary pressure, relative permeability, and wettability which are used to better understand reservoir performance. Proper handling and preservation of core samples is important to maintain their original state for accurate analysis.
This document provides information on estimating oil and gas reserves. It defines various classifications of reserves from proven to unproven, and how reserves are estimated using volumetric, material balance, and production performance methods. The key classifications discussed are proven and probable reserves, with proven reserves having a 90% certainty of recovery and probable having 50% certainty. Volumetric estimation calculates initial hydrocarbon volumes using parameters like rock volume, porosity, fluid properties, and recovery factors.
The document discusses advances in gas data acquisition systems and gas ratio analysis that enable more accurate interpretation of hydrocarbon zones from drilling mud gas returns. Key points:
- New constant volume degassers extract gas samples more representative of formation fluids, improving consistency. Improved detection also provides high-resolution analysis.
- Gas ratio analysis, comparing quantities of heavier and lighter hydrocarbon fractions, effectively identifies fluid types when validated data is carefully applied. Ratios like LH, LM, and HM have exceptional results determining reservoirs in Southeast Asia.
- Presenting basic gas data alongside ratios and variables affecting the data brings out features to characterize fluids and reach final judgments through cut-offs and comparisons. These advances enable more reliable real-
The acidizing is pumping of the acids into the wellbore to remove near well formation damage and other damaging substances, matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin damage that caused by drilling, completion, work over, well killing or injection fluids.
This project is concerned with carbonate reservoirs that exceeded in Kurdistan subsurface formations.
Conduct a case study using real industrial data of Arab-D formation (Ghawar oil field – Saudi Arabia) which has five water wells were treated with 50 gallon of HCl acid The treatment acid was placed with coiled tubing and foam was used as diverter. The foam was made from nitrogen, water and surfactants.
Water injection pressure, injection rate and injection flow meter profiles prior to and after the treatment for the five wells show optimistic results to an acceptable extent
In coiled tubing acid placement, the coiled tubing/borehole annulus is usually filled with acid which allow the acid to be in contact with the entire zone at bottom hole temperature condition. This reduces the degree of diversion effectiveness.
Recommend people who work in carbonate reservoirs they should done their work on petrophysical analysis and the porosity should not have exceeded by the acids
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering fundamentals including:
- Three types of reservoir fluids based on compressibility: incompressible, slightly compressible, and compressible.
- Three flow regimes in reservoirs: steady-state, unsteady-state, and pseudosteady-state.
- Common reservoir geometries that influence fluid flow including radial, linear, spherical, and hemispherical.
- Darcy's law and its applications to steady-state fluid flow in reservoirs, including for different fluid types and geometries.
- The document discusses reservoir characteristics including rock and fluid properties that are important to understand for optimal hydrocarbon recovery. Techniques like seismic data, well logging, and testing provide valuable data to build reservoir models.
- Key rock properties that impact hydrocarbon storage and flow include porosity, permeability, and wettability. Core analysis in the lab and well logs provide data on these properties.
- Understanding fluid properties like phase behavior under reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature is also important for predicting production performance and fluid composition.
This document discusses tight reservoirs, which are reservoirs with very low permeability (less than 0.1 mD) and porosity (less than 10%). It defines tight gas reservoirs, tight oil reservoirs, and the characteristic properties of tight reservoirs, such as low porosity and permeability. It also discusses the importance of logging, factors to consider for tight reservoirs like geologic and reservoir properties, and techniques used to produce from tight reservoirs, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Tight reservoirs account for a large portion of remaining oil and gas reserves and require advanced drilling and completion techniques to produce economically.
The document provides an introduction to Bayesian inverse theory and its applications in subsurface characterization and reservoir modeling. It discusses how Bayesian inversion can be used to estimate reservoir properties like porosity and saturation from seismic data by treating the inverse problem as estimating the posterior distribution given prior information and measurements. It also describes how the method can be extended to handle multimodal distributions using Gaussian mixture models. Further applications discussed include time-lapse inversion to estimate property changes over time and history matching to update reservoir models based on production data.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
The document is a report on enhanced oil recovery through caustic flooding submitted by Dhiman Kakati. It discusses the mechanisms of caustic flooding including reduction of oil-water interfacial tension through formation of in-situ surfactants. Experiments were conducted to measure the interfacial tension between Assam crude oil and an aqueous solution of 1% sodium bicarbonate using a spinning drop tensiometer. The results showed that interfacial tension remained constant for a fixed rotational speed but increased with increasing drop diameter. The report concludes that Assam crude oil would be responsive to caustic flooding based on the experimental observations and outlines some key factors for effective implementation of caustic flooding in oil reservoirs.
This document discusses methods for calculating hydrocarbon volumes in reservoirs, including volumetric and material balance methods. It provides details on calculating oil, gas, and total hydrocarbon volumes based on parameters like porosity, net thickness, and saturation. It also covers reservoir drive mechanisms that can provide energy for hydrocarbon production, such as solution gas drive, gas cap drive, water drive, compaction drive, and combination drives. Reservoir performance data like pressure trends and gas-oil ratios can help identify the active drive mechanism.
The document discusses various oil recovery techniques, focusing on waterflooding. It summarizes that waterflooding involves injecting water into reservoirs to increase pressure and displace oil towards production wells, potentially recovering up to 50% of oil originally in place. The document discusses factors in choosing between peripheral and pattern water injection schemes and describes various pattern designs, noting 5-spot and 7-spot patterns are commonly used.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts for predicting vertical oil well performance, including productivity index, inflow performance relationship, and methods for modeling these relationships. It discusses key topics like:
- Defining and measuring productivity index using stabilized well test data
- How productivity index, inflow performance relationship, and well flow rates relate under pseudosteady state conditions
- Factors influencing productivity index like fluid properties and relative permeability
- Empirical methods like Vogel's method for generating inflow performance curves over the life of depleting reservoirs
The document is from a course on reservoir engineering concepts for vertical wells, with the goal of teaching practical equations to model well performance and factors governing fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course focused on fundamental rock properties. It discusses key topics like porosity, saturation, wettability, capillary pressure, and how they are determined through laboratory core analysis. Porosity refers to the pore space available to hold fluids and is classified as absolute or effective porosity. Saturation represents the fraction of pore space occupied by a fluid. Capillary pressure describes the pressure differential between immiscible fluids based on interface curvature. Laboratory tests on core samples are used to characterize these important rock properties.
Investigation of Solid State Hydrides For Autonomous Fuel Cell Vehicleschrisrobschu
Joint Department of Energy Department of Navy
Hydrogen storage material aluminum hydride, or Alane, for Unmanned Undersea Vehicles
St134 teprovich 2017_o
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD Nabin Khadka
This document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate lime addition for treating acid mine drainage (AMD) in a mixing tank. CFD can provide insights into flow patterns, velocities, and dead zones within the tank. The study models different propeller positions and numbers of blades to determine optimal mixing. Results show center positioning of the propeller increases flow velocity and mixing effectiveness. Two to three blades are suitable for the given flow rates but may differ at other rates. CFD analysis provides data to better understand and manage AMD treatment through lime neutralization in mixing tanks.
Simulation involves examining a problem using software rather than direct experimentation. Various simulation software are available to model processes. Key aspects of process scheme simulation include determining fluid characteristics, predicting well behavior over its lifetime, selecting an appropriate simulator and thermodynamic package, and ensuring safety margins. Simulation allows examination of topics like vapor-liquid equilibrium, equations of state, mass and heat transfer to help design processes and size equipment in compliance with objectives and specifications.
NASA has developed cryogenic fluid management technologies to support future exploration missions. Recent accomplishments include validating computational models against past cryogenic storage experiments, demonstrating long term liquid hydrogen storage with minimal boil-off, and testing a radio frequency mass gauge that accurately measured propellant levels in liquid hydrogen. Future work will focus on technologies for storing and transferring cryogens in low gravity environments to support propulsion and surface systems, with the goals of reducing launch mass and simplifying vehicle operations for missions to the Moon and Mars.
This document summarizes a study evaluating different multistage hydraulic fracturing patterns in naturally fractured reservoirs using a coupled geomechanics fracture and flow model. The study models three fracturing patterns - conventional, zipper, and alternating - in a field case with multiple horizontal wells. Simulation results show the zipper pattern provides the highest long-term production rates and cumulative oil volume over 20 years compared to the other patterns. The zipper pattern is recommended as the optimal completion strategy for this type of reservoir.
MPC uses Petro-SIM for flowsheet modeling across its six refineries, including converting 500 models to Petro-SIM. FCC and other reactor models were updated to the latest versions. Refinery-wide models were built for two refineries that include custom representations using spreadsheets. Crude assays are imported from spiral assays and calibrated in Petro-SIM. Spreadsheets and user code allow flexible modeling of logic switches and CSTR reactors to represent refinery units.
This document provides an introduction and overview of pressure transient testing and analysis. It discusses:
I. The importance of production data analysis for reservoir evaluation, management, and description.
II. Basic definitions like drawdown tests, buildup tests, and flow regimes. The objectives of well testing like determining permeability, skin, pore volume, and detecting heterogeneity.
III. The ideal reservoir model and assumptions made in pressure transient analysis, like radial flow, homogenous properties, and infinite-acting reservoirs. Equations used like the diffusivity equation.
Simulation of a Successful Polymer Flood-Shrinath GhadgeShrinath Ghadge
A successful polymer flood was conducted in Courtenay sand of Chateaurenard Field located in south of Paris, France. The objective of the study is to conduct parametric sensitivity analysis of polymer flooding using a compositional simulator developed at University of Texas. The simulator called UTCHEM was used for this purpose. Oil recovery was dominated by factors such as polymer adsorption, fractional flow and heterogeneity.
This document discusses various types of reactors used for gas-solid catalytic reactions, with a focus on packed bed reactors. It summarizes:
1) The main types of reactors are adiabatic packed beds, wall cooled tubular reactors, fluidized beds, and risers.
2) Key design considerations for adiabatic packed beds include controlling the adiabatic temperature rise, pressure drop, and explosion potential.
3) Wall cooled tubular reactors require plug flow and careful control of wall cooling to prevent hot spots from forming.
4) Scale up of these reactors aims to maintain the same conditions as the laboratory scale, such as space time and flow distribution. Novel designs and operation methods aim
This document discusses management of produced water from oil and gas operations using the 3R's (reduce, reuse, recycle) and 3E's (efficiency, environmental acceptability, economic viability) frameworks. It outlines various produced water treatment and disposal technologies currently used, including media filtration, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and beneficial reuse options. The document recommends choosing combinations of solutions tailored to each situation considering technical, economic, regulatory and environmental factors. Overall management of produced water is important given water scarcity issues and must involve awareness building and education efforts at all levels.
This document discusses management strategies for produced water from oil and gas operations based on the 3R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and 3E's (Efficiency, Environmental Acceptability, Economic Viability). It outlines various technologies used to treat produced water, including filtration, desalination, and disposal methods like underground injection. The author recommends choosing treatment solutions based on the unique situation and prioritizing reducing produced water volumes. Technologies must consider environmental impacts, reliability, and economic flexibility given varying resource availability and economic constraints between countries. Improving awareness and implementing proper management of produced water is important given increasing global water scarcity issues.
Chapter 3 - Groundwater Flow to Wells.pdfWONDIMUELIAS
Pumping tests involve extracting groundwater from a pumping well and monitoring water level changes in observation wells over time. This allows calculation of aquifer parameters like transmissivity and storativity. A pumping test was designed to:
1) Determine well yield and efficiency
2) Calculate hydraulic properties of the aquifer
3) Examine spatial impacts of pumping and water quality changes.
The test involved constant rate pumping from an extraction well and periodic water level measurements in observation wells. Data was analyzed using well equations to characterize the aquifer. Proper planning, constant rate pumping, and long duration testing were needed to obtain reliable data for aquifer analysis.
This document describes the design and construction of an experiment to study two-phase flow in porous media and create a relative permeability diagram. It outlines five chapters that will cover key concepts, petroleum formation and recovery methods, the laboratory measurement process, a relative permeability test, and simulation of the experiment using software. It then provides details on constructing the experimental apparatus, including the frame, core, pumps, and fluid reservoirs. The initial experiment failed when the core detached, so improvements are suggested to replace acrylic plates with steel and use rubber seals instead of glue. The overall goal was to design and run the two-phase flow experiment and compare results with simulations.
This is an in-depth course that is designed to provide the participants with a solid understanding of reservoir engineering and associated modern theories in order to manage and maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Hands-on examples and exercises are used throughout the course to help participants with understanding key performance concepts. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptop computer to class.
Process Ecology provides engineering services to help operations engineers in the oil and gas sector optimize assets and reduce costs. Their ProcessAdvisor service identifies opportunities to optimize production, reduce expenses, and lessen environmental impacts through plant rating, flow assurance analysis, hydrate prevention, relief system evaluation, gathering system analysis, cryogenic applications support, process hazard assessment, and flare network modeling. Recent case studies included increasing liquid recovery at an existing plant, slug catcher sizing, hydrate prediction improvements, header and lateral resizing, mercury tracking, and emergency scenario reviews.
Process Ecology provides engineering services to help operations engineers in the oil and gas sector optimize assets and reduce costs. Their ProcessAdvisor service identifies opportunities to optimize production, reduce expenses, and lessen environmental impacts through plant rating, flow assurance analysis, hydrate prevention, relief system evaluation, gathering system analysis, cryogenic applications support, process hazard assessment, and flare network modeling. Recent case studies included increasing liquid recovery at an existing plant, slug catcher sizing, hydrate prediction modeling, and header and lateral pipe resizing.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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Reservoir Engineering ----- Goals
Development of oil & gas fields in an optimal and
economical manner
Maximize hydrocarbon recovery at minimum cost
• How much hydrocarbon is present?
• How much can be recovered?
• How fast can it be recovered?
Hydrocarbon in-place
Hydrocarbon Reserves (Producible quantity)
Rate and duration of Production (field life)
Reservoir
performance
analysis
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Reservoir performance analysis
Five methods, namely – Analogical, Experimental, Statistical, Analytical and
Mathematical
Analogical method
• Using mature reservoir properties that are similar to the target reservoir
to predict the behavior of the reservoir
• This method is especially useful when there is a limited available data
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Reservoir performance analysis
Analogical method - case study
Deeper reservoir- Assam Asset: Depth:>4000m, Rec: 6% of OIIP, Phi: 8-12%, Perm: 10-40 mD, Flowing
strings: 7
• One probable reason for higher recovery - more wells drilled into deeper reservoir
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Reservoir performance analysis
Experimental method
• Measure the reservoir characteristics in the laboratory models and scale
these results to the entire hydrocarbon accumulations
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Reservoir performance analysis
Statistical Method
• In this method, the past performance of numerous reservoirs is
statistically accounted for to derive the empirical correlations which are
used for future predictions
• It may be described as a 'formal extension of the analogical method'
The analytical approach
• In most of the cases, the fluid flow inside the porous rock is too
complicated to solve mathematically
• Systematic and logical approaches are used to predict future
performance
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Reservoir performance analysis
Mathematical method
• Applied basic conservation of laws
• The three basic equations:
• Material balance equation or continuity equation
• Equation of motion or momentum equation – Darcy’s Law
• PVT or equation of state
• These three equations are expressed for different phases of the flow in the
reservoir and combine to obtain single equations for each phase of the
flow
• The mathematical method traditionally includes material balance
equation and decline curve methods
• The advanced mathematical model – reservoir simulation
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Material Balance Calculations --- Tank model
We N=OIIP
Assumptions:
• The material balance calculations are
based on tank model
• Homogeneous pore volume, gas
cap, aquifer
• Constant temperature
• Uniform pressure distribution
• Uniform hydrocarbon saturation
distribution
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Decline Curve
Decline Curve
• The rate of oil production decline generally follows one of the following
mathematical forms: exponential, hyperbolic and harmonic.
The following assumptions apply to the decline curve analysis
• The past processes continue to occur in the future
• Operation practices are assumed to remain same
Major producing field of Assam, Ult Res: 38000 Mm3
Generated by OFM
• Recovery: 42% of Ult Reserves
• In 2047 recovery: 50% of Ult.Res
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What is Reservoir Simulation
The process of mimicking and inferring the fluid flow behavior in a
petroleum reservoir system through the use of physical and mathematical
models
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Why Reservoir Simulation
Best estimate for development planning/performance review
Understanding of present setup of field responsible for
exploitation
Justify investment decision, review expected/ pending profile
Reduce uncertainties
Best tools for Reservoir Engineers
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Reservoir Simulation ----- Concept
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Reservoir Simulation --- Equations
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Darcy’s Law
• Practically all reservoir simulation studies involve the use of Darcy's law
• It is important to understand the assumptions behind this momentum balance
equation
• The fluid is homogenous, single-phase
• No chemical reaction takes place between the fluid and the porous medium
• Laminar flow condition prevails
• Permeability is a property of the porous medium, which is independent of
pressure, temperature and the flowing fluid
L
P
Q
kA
001127
.
0
Q = flow rate, bbl/d
A = cross sectional area, ft2
μ = fluid viscosity, cp
K = permeability, md
P = pressure, psi
L = length, ft
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Reservoir Simulation --- Equations
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Equation of State (EOS)
Equation of state (EOS) or PVT behaviour
The material balance in reservoir simulation is usually done on the
following basis
• For gas, the real gas law is used
• The liquid phase has dissolved gas, which is a linear function of
pressure (black oil)
• Water is characterized as a liquid of low compressibility, which
is a linear function of pressure
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Reservoir Simulation Model build-up
• Preparation of earth model – Static model
• Up-scaling of static model - Coarsening
• Preparation of dynamic model – Simulation model
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Reservoir Simulation --- Static
model
• Incorporate structural and fault framework into the model
with gridding
• Petrophysical modelling –property modelling
• Volumetric calculation
Structural modelling
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Reservoir Simulation --- Static
model
• Petrophysical modelling
Porosity distribution
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Reservoir Simulation --- Static
model • Petrophysical modelling
Saturation distribution
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Reservoir Simulation --- Static
model • Volumetric calculation
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Reservoir Simulation --- Static
model
After completion of static model -----
• Earth model prepared
• Model with structure top-bottom & faults
• Porosity distribution
• SW (water saturation) distribution
• NTG distribution
• OWC/ GOC if present
• Define FVF (PVT data for volume calculation)
• Volumetric estimation - OIIP
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Up-scaling --- Static
model
• Scale up the structure and properties onto a coarser grid
• Up-scaling is the process of creating a coarser (lower resolution)
grid based on the geological grid which is more appropriate for
simulation
• Static model can contain tens of million cells
• Simulation is usually suitable one lakh to one million cells
• To prepare simulation grid as close to orthogonal
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Up-scaling --- Static Model
Up-scaled the model (Static to Dynamic)
Up-
scaled
the
model
Static model with 1 m
vertical thickness
Dynamic model with 3 m
vertical thickness
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Up-scaling --- Static Model
Up-scaled the model (Static to Dynamic)
Static
model
1m thick
Dynamic
model
3 m thick
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Up-scaling --- Static Model
0 100
0
Permeability,
mD
Stratigraph
ic Model
Dynamic
model
Static model
Log scaled
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Reservoir Simulator --- Black Oil
Conventional “Black Oil” simulators
Simulators (IMEX/ECLIPSE-100)
• Oil & Gas phases are represented by one ‘component’
• Assumes composition of gas & oil components are
constant with pressure & time
• Assumes temperature is constant throughout the reservoir
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Reservoir Simulation --- Dynamic modeling
Preparation of dynamic model & Data Input
• Permeability modelling
• Define fluid properties – PVT of water, oil & gas
• Define dynamic flow property – relative permeability
• Define rock property - compressibility
• Define capillary pressure
• Define initial pressure of the model
• Define aquifer – if present
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Dynamic Model ---Permeability
modeling
1. Porosity-permeability correlation based on laboratory generated
basic core data
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Dynamic Model --- PVT Data
• PVT data of water, oil & gas
• Laboratory generated PVT data of oil & gas
• Water PVT data – water FVF, water compressibility & water viscosity
• Surface density of water, oil & gas
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Dynamic Model --- Relative Permeability
• Relative permeability of water, oil & gas system
• Laboratory generated SCAL data is used
• If different regions are defined in the model, region-wise rel-perm data have to
incorporated – if available
• If more than one set of rel-perm data are available, normalize will be done to
average and again de-normalize is to be done
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Dynamic Model --- Capillary Preesure
• Capillary pressure is used to define the fluid distribution in the reservoir
• Laboratory generated capillary pressure data is used
Transform lab capillary pressure data to reservoir conditions
Pc (Reservoir conditions) = Pc (Lab) x (Sigma.Cos(theta))res /(Sigma.Cos(theta))lab
Typical values of Sigma.Cos(Theta) are;
Lab
Air-Water: 72
Oil-Water: 42
Air-Mercury: 367
Air-oil : 24
Reservoir
Water-oil : 26
Water-gas : 50
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Dynamic Model --- Aquifer
• Define aquifers, describing the type, size and connections of the acting
aquifer.
• Aquifer modeling is a method of simulating large amounts of water (or
gas) connected to the reservoir whereby it is not essential to know how
the fluid moves in it, but rather how it affects our reservoir.
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Dynamic Model --- Aquifer
modeling
• Numerical aquifer: A set of cells in the simulation grid is used
to represent the aquifer. Their position in the model is irrelevant
• Fetkovich aquifer: The aquifer flow model is similar to the well
inflow model. It is best suited for smaller aquifer that may
approach a pseudo steady-state condition quickly
• Carter Tracy Aquifer: It uses tables of dimensionless time
versus a dimensionless pressure as influence function
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Reservoir Simulation ---Initialization
The purpose of initialization is to specify or obtain the initial conditions
of the model – pressure, saturation and solution GOR
Equilibrium condition has been assigned in the model considering
• OWC and GOC
• Initial pressure – region wise
• Capillary pressure – if required
• Run the model
• If no error, compare the volume (OIIP) with static model
• Dynamic model is ready
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Dynamic Model --- Well data
Well Data
• Well locations, trajectory, completions
• Workover history – Z/T, squeeze, HF
• Production rates of oil, water and gas as a function of time
• Pressure history of the wells – bottom hole pressure (flowing
& static), build-up pressures
• Injection history – rates, fluids, pressure, etc
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Reservoir Simulation --History matching & prediction
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Reservoir Simulation ---History matching
• Normally the most time-consuming phase of a simulation study
• Used to demonstrate the validity of the simulation model
• Input historical production rates of oil/gas then simulator calculates
pressures and secondary products (GOR, WC, etc.) to be compared
with history
• If needed, compare calculated and actual performance of individual
wells
• Adjust model input parameters to achieve an acceptable match
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Reservoir Simulation ---History Matching
Parameter Adjustment: History Matching
• Adjust reservoir permeability to match field pressure gradients
• Adjust permeability and areal extent of shales or other low-perm
zones to match vertical fluid movement
• Adjust relative permeability-saturation relationships to match
dynamic saturation distributions and pressure gradients
• Adjust aquifer size, thickness, and permeability to match the
amount and distribution of natural water influx
• Use pore volume multiplier to adjust OIIP of the model
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History matching & Uncertainty
The following variables are often considered to be
indeterminate (high uncertainty):
- Pore volume
- Permeability
- Transmissibility
- Kv/Kh ratio
- Rel. perm. curves
- Aquifer properties
- Mobile oil volumes
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History matching & Uncertainty
The following variables are often considered to be determinate (low
uncertainty):
- Porosity
- Gross thickness
- Net thickness
- Structure (reservoir top/bottom/extent)
- Fluid properties
- Rock compressibility
- Capillary pressure
- Datum pressure
- Original fluid contact
- Production rates
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History Matching --- Case Study
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History Matching --- Case Study
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History Matching --- Case Study
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History Matching --- Sensitivity
Analysis
• Deeper reservoir of Assam
• Initial run
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History Matching --- Sensitivity
Analysis
Tornado Plot
Uncertainty & Optimization: Petrel-Eclipse
CMOST: CMG
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History Matching --- Sensitivity
Analysis
• Deeper reservoir of Assam
• Initial run
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History Matching --- Sensitivity
Analysis Well- wise history match
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Prediction
After satisfactory history matching, field performance is predicted
Limiting Conditions
• FBHP
• Water Cut
• Well abandonment rate
• Variant-I: Base case (considering available producers and injectors)
• Variant-II
• Variant-III
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Prediction ---- Base Case
• Base case: Field performance is predicted with available OP (9)
and WI (7)
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Conventional Method
• New locations are generally identified based on average
remaining oil saturation and current pressure map after
history matching
• Locations are predicted on history matched model with
available producers and injectors
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Average So map after history
Conventional Method
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Simulation Opportunity Index method, SPE 148103
• SOI is calculated on history matched model and identified 3 locations and
subsequently predicted with other producers and injectors
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Simulation Opportunity Index method, SPE 148103
SOI Map
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Opportunity Index Method, SPE 122915
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Opportunity Index Method, SPE 122915
Opportunity Index Map
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Prediction --- New Infill Locations
Case:2: Available producers +3 new development locations
Np: 2.130 MMm3, Recovery: 32.87% of model OIIP
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Development Scheme
Case-1: BAU case (Business as usual) – with existing OP and WI or GI
Recovery:
Case-2: With new development OP- depletion case
Recovery:
Case-3: With new development OP + WI – IOR Scheme
Recovery:
Case-4: With new development OP + WI + EOR – EOR Scheme
Recovery:
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Types of Reservoir Simulators
Special-purpose simulators can model compositional,
thermal, and chemical processes in EOR projects
• Compositional simulators can model performance of volatile-
oil and gas-condensate reservoirs in which phase
compositions vary widely with pressure (GEM, Eclipse-300)
• Thermal-process simulators can model steam cycling and
steam flooding (STAR, Eclipse-500/Eclipse Thermal)
• Chemical-processes simulators can model polymer injection,
surfactant flooding, and flooding with alkaline solutions (STAR,
ECLIPSE-100)
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Reservoir Simulation --- Compositional
• It is useful when the behavior of the hydrocarbons is complex—
condensate or volatile crude oil, or miscible gas injection
developments fall in this category
• In black oil simulation, flow is considered in terms of oil, water and
gas where no mass transfer between the phases is considered
(except that of gas between oil and gaseous phase). In
Compositional simulation flow is considered in terms of oil, water
and gas but mass transfer between phases is also considered.
• In Black-oil simulation, summation of phase saturations is unity
while in the compositional simulation summation of mole fraction
of different chemical components is unity.
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Reservoir Simulation --- Thermal
• It is used to simulate thermal EOR processes like In-situ combustion,
Steam injection, etc.
• Here, heat energy conservation is also performed.
• Thermal recovery methods are typically used in heavy oil reservoirs where
the oil viscosity is high at reservoir temperatures, but reduces as the
temperature increases
A number of thermal recovery processes can be simulated
• Steam injection, such as cyclic steam injection (huff and puff), steam flood,
or steam
• Hot fluid or gas injection
• Well bore heaters
• Combustion