This document discusses several theories of motivation, including: - Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Alderfer's ERG theory, which categorize human needs. - McClelland's achievement, affiliation, and power needs theory, which examines what drives people. - Incentive theory, which proposes that employees will work harder to obtain desired rewards. - Equity theory and expectancy theory, which analyze fairness and expectations in motivation. - Goal setting theory, which suggests goals motivate performance when they are clear, challenging, and involve feedback. - Inner work life theory, which focuses on an employee's own thoughts and feelings. The document then instructs discussing which process theory best applies to one's organization

1. Understanding and
Managing People
Motivation
Tutorial 8

2. Content theories
• Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Alderfer’s ERG Theory
• Clayton P. Alderfer (1969), simplified Maslow’s theory by
categorizing hierarchy of needs into three categories
• Physiological and Safety needs are merged in Existence Needs
• Belonging needs is named as Relatedness Needs
• Self-esteem and Self-actualization needs are merged in Growth
Needs

3. Content theories
• McClelland’s Achievement Need Theory
• Needs for achievement
• The person who have a high need for achievement seeks achievement
and tries to attain challenging goals.
• Strong need for feedback
• Need for a sense of accomplishment
• Take personal responsibility
• Needs for affiliation
• Needs harmonious relationships
• Needs to be accepted by other people
• Needs for power
• Wants to direct and command other people
• Managers
• Incentive Theory
• Employee will increase her/his effort to obtain a desired reward
• Economic man

4. Process theories
• Equity theory
• Equity theory explains the relational satisfaction in terms of
fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal
relationships.
• Pay comparisons between employees
• Comparisons with colleagues within and outside organization
• Envy
• Expectancy theory
• Expectancy theory explains the behavioral process of why
individuals are motivated to choose one behavioral option over
another. It also explains how they make decisions to achieve the
outcome that they perceive as most valuable
• Driven by expectations

5. Process theories
• Goal setting theory
• Goal setting is a powerful way of motivating people, and of
motivating yourself
• Clearer and easy to measure goals
• Challenging goals
• Leading to higher level of performance
• Specific goals
• Specific goals, rather then try you best
• Participation goals
• Group performance
• Knowledge of results
• Feedback and feed forward
• Inner work life theory
• Own thoughts and feelings

6. Process theories
• Inner work life theory
• Own thoughts and feelings
•
Source: Buchanan and Huczynsk (2013)

7. Group task
• In groups of of 6-8, discuss where each of you work/ have worked
and select one company where one of you works or has good
familiarity with
• Which of the 4 process theories (Equity, Expectancy, Goal Setting or
Inner Work Life theory) are used in your organization
• Choose only one main theory
• Explain why you have selected this theory
• What are the advantages of the model/ approach to motivating
staff?
• What problems does this approach have for (a) employees, (b)
management, and (c) other stake holders eg customers (if
applicable)?
• Can the motivational model being used in your organisation be
improved? How?