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Basic motivation concepts
This document outlines key concepts in motivation theory, including: - Maslow's hierarchy of needs which arranges human needs in a pyramid from basic physiological needs to growth needs. - Herzberg's two-factor theory which distinguishes between motivators like achievement that drive job satisfaction and hygiene factors whose absence can cause dissatisfaction. - Expectancy theory which proposes that motivation depends on the expectation that effort will lead to good performance and performance will be rewarded. - Equity theory which suggests people are motivated to maintain fair relationships and balances of inputs and outcomes compared to others.
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Basic motivation concepts
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- 2. AFTER STUDYING THISCHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Outline the motivation process. 2. Describe Maslow’s need hierarchy. 3. Contrast Theory X and Theory Y. 4. Differentiate motivators from hygiene factors. 5. List the characteristics that high achievers prefer in a job. 6. Summarize the types of goals that increase performance.
- 3. AFTER STUDYING THISCHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 7. State the impact of underrewarding employees. 8. Clarify key relationships in expectancy theory. 9. Explain how the contemporary theories of motivation complement each other.
- 5. Defining Motivation Key Elements 1.Intensity: how hard a person tries 2. Direction: toward beneficial goal 3. Persistence: how long a person tries
- 7. Hierarchy of NeedsTheory
- 8. Maslow’s Hierarchy ofNeeds EXHIBIT 6-1
- 10. Theory X andTheory Y (Douglas McGregor)
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- 12. Factors characterizing eventson the job that led to extreme job dissatisfaction Comparison of Satisfier and Dissatisfiers Factors characterizing events on the job that led to extreme job satisfaction EXHIBIT 6-3
- 13. Contrasting Views ofSatisfaction and Dissatisfaction Presence Absence EXHIBIT 6-4
- 15. ERG Theory (ClaytonAlderfer) Concepts: More than one need can be operative at the same time. Core Needs If a higher-level need Existence: provision of cannot be fulfilled, the basic material desire to satisfy a lower- requirements. level need increases. Relatedness: desire for relationships. Growth: desire for personal development.
- 18. David McClelland’s Theoryof Needs nPow nAch nAff
- 20. Matching Achievers andJobs EXHIBIT 6-5
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- 22. Reinforcement Theory Concepts: Behavior isenvironmentally caused. Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences. Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
- 23. Equity Theory Referent Comparisons: Self-inside Self-outside Other-inside Other-outside
- 24. Equity Theory (cont’d) EXHIBIT 6-7
- 25. Equity Theory (cont’d) Choicesfor dealing with inequity: 1. Change inputs (slack off) 2. Change outcomes (increase output) 3. Distort/change perceptions of self 4. Distort/change perceptions of others 5. Choose a different referent person 6. Leave the field (quit the job)
- 26. Equity Theory (cont’d) Propositionsrelating to inequitable pay: 1. Overrewarded employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees. 2. Overrewarded employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work. 3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work. 4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees
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- 29. Expectancy Theory EXHIBIT 6-8
- 30. Performance Dimensions EXHIBIT 6-9
- 31. FOR BETTER 1ndONEsia SangMerah Putih akhirnya berkibar di Puncak Everest (8.848 mdpl) setelah Tim Ekspedisi Tujuh Puncak Dunia (Seven Summits) yang melalui jalur utara yaitu Tibet berhasil mencapai puncak, Sabtu (19/5/2012).