This document discusses various theories and strategies for motivating and rewarding employees. It describes motivation as the process by which a person's efforts are energized and sustained toward attaining goals. Several classic motivation theories are examined, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McGregor's Theory X and Y, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. McClelland's three needs theory is also covered. The document then discusses strategies for motivating a diverse workforce such as flexible work hours and job sharing. It concludes with suggestions for designing appropriate rewards programs.
Motivational Concepts | Key Elements Of Motivation | Organizational Perspecti...FaHaD .H. NooR
Motivation is the result of the interaction of the individual and the situation. Our Definition of Motivation is that it is “the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.” We will narrow the focus to organizational goals in order to reflect our singular interest in work-related behavior. The three key elements of our definition of motivation are intensity, direction, and persistence. Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries to do anything. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Direction is the orientation that benefits the organization. It can be positive or negative. Persistence is a measure of how long a person can maintain his or her effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. Maslow’s need theory has received wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers. Research does not generally validate the theory.Maslow provided no empirical substantiation, and several studies that sought to validate the theory found no support for it. Some researchers have attempted to revive components of the need hierarchy concept, using principles from evolutionary psychology.Time will tell whether these revisions to Mas low's hierarchy will be useful to practicing managers.
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Yconcluded that a manager’s view of the nature of human beings is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and he or she tends to mold his or her behavior toward employees according to these assumptions.
Theory X assumptions are basically negative. Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it.Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment. Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible.Most workers place security above all other factors and will display little ambition.
Theory Y assumptions are basically positive. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives.
The study of motivation is complex. It is a significant study for managers because employees when motivated are stimulated to achieve organizational goals. Employees who are motivated remain focus in a systematic way. Without a knowledge of motivation managers are in danger of guiding the behaviour of subordinates and make mistakes towards the desired outcomes of the organization.
Attitudes and Job Satisfaction - Organizational BehaviorFaHaD .H. NooR
This is a focus on Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Managers should be interested in their employees’ attitudes because attitudes give warnings of potential problems and influence behavior. Creating a satisfied workforce is hardly a guarantee of successful organizational performance, but evidence strongly suggests that whatever managers can do to improve employee attitudes will likely result in heightened organizational effectiveness. Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Attitudes are made up of three components. The cognitive component is made up of the belief in the way things are. The effective component is the more critical part of the attitude as it is calls upon the emotions or feelings. The behavioral component describes the intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. These three components work together to aid in our understanding of the complexity of an attitude. Sometimes we observe people who will change what they say so it doesn’t contradict their behavior. When attitudes and behaviors don’t line up, individuals will experience cognitive dissonance. This incongruity is uncomfortable and individuals will seek to reduce the dissonance to find consistency.
People are willing to live with some discomfort but the degree to which this is true depends upon the importance of the elements, how much influences the individual has in the situation, and the rewards available.
What Is Motivation?
Define motivation.
Explain motivation as a need-satisfying process.
Early Theories of Motivation
Describe the five levels in Maslow’s hierarchy and how Maslow’s hierarchy can be used in motivational efforts.
Discuss how Theory X and Theory Y managers approach motivation.
Describe Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory.
Explain Herzberg’s views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
This presentation was prepared as a requirement for my Masters in Education (Management & Administration) course at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Hope this will be informative for those seeking for related information on Motivation.
Theories of Motivation - Overview of the Content Theories of Motivation Monica P
(MST) Advanced Administration and Supervision in Educational Practices
(class report(s)/discussion(s))
DISCLAIMER: I do not claim ownership of the photos, videos, templates, and etc used in this slideshow
Motivational Concepts | Key Elements Of Motivation | Organizational Perspecti...FaHaD .H. NooR
Motivation is the result of the interaction of the individual and the situation. Our Definition of Motivation is that it is “the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.” We will narrow the focus to organizational goals in order to reflect our singular interest in work-related behavior. The three key elements of our definition of motivation are intensity, direction, and persistence. Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries to do anything. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Direction is the orientation that benefits the organization. It can be positive or negative. Persistence is a measure of how long a person can maintain his or her effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. Maslow’s need theory has received wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers. Research does not generally validate the theory.Maslow provided no empirical substantiation, and several studies that sought to validate the theory found no support for it. Some researchers have attempted to revive components of the need hierarchy concept, using principles from evolutionary psychology.Time will tell whether these revisions to Mas low's hierarchy will be useful to practicing managers.
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Yconcluded that a manager’s view of the nature of human beings is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and he or she tends to mold his or her behavior toward employees according to these assumptions.
Theory X assumptions are basically negative. Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it.Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment. Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible.Most workers place security above all other factors and will display little ambition.
Theory Y assumptions are basically positive. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives.
The study of motivation is complex. It is a significant study for managers because employees when motivated are stimulated to achieve organizational goals. Employees who are motivated remain focus in a systematic way. Without a knowledge of motivation managers are in danger of guiding the behaviour of subordinates and make mistakes towards the desired outcomes of the organization.
Attitudes and Job Satisfaction - Organizational BehaviorFaHaD .H. NooR
This is a focus on Attitudes and Job Satisfaction. Managers should be interested in their employees’ attitudes because attitudes give warnings of potential problems and influence behavior. Creating a satisfied workforce is hardly a guarantee of successful organizational performance, but evidence strongly suggests that whatever managers can do to improve employee attitudes will likely result in heightened organizational effectiveness. Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Attitudes are made up of three components. The cognitive component is made up of the belief in the way things are. The effective component is the more critical part of the attitude as it is calls upon the emotions or feelings. The behavioral component describes the intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. These three components work together to aid in our understanding of the complexity of an attitude. Sometimes we observe people who will change what they say so it doesn’t contradict their behavior. When attitudes and behaviors don’t line up, individuals will experience cognitive dissonance. This incongruity is uncomfortable and individuals will seek to reduce the dissonance to find consistency.
People are willing to live with some discomfort but the degree to which this is true depends upon the importance of the elements, how much influences the individual has in the situation, and the rewards available.
What Is Motivation?
Define motivation.
Explain motivation as a need-satisfying process.
Early Theories of Motivation
Describe the five levels in Maslow’s hierarchy and how Maslow’s hierarchy can be used in motivational efforts.
Discuss how Theory X and Theory Y managers approach motivation.
Describe Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory.
Explain Herzberg’s views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
This presentation was prepared as a requirement for my Masters in Education (Management & Administration) course at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Hope this will be informative for those seeking for related information on Motivation.
Theories of Motivation - Overview of the Content Theories of Motivation Monica P
(MST) Advanced Administration and Supervision in Educational Practices
(class report(s)/discussion(s))
DISCLAIMER: I do not claim ownership of the photos, videos, templates, and etc used in this slideshow
Unlock the secrets to how increasing employee motivation can be your organization’s secret weapon to better performance and decreased HR issues.
Try Greatify: www.greatify.co/signup
Unlock the secrets to how increasing employee motivation can be your organization’s secret weapon to better performance and decreased HR issues.
Try Greatify: www.greatify.co/signup
Motivation is an action that stimulates an individual to take a course of action, which will result in an attainment of goals, or satisfaction of certain material or psychological needs of the individual. Motivation is a powerful tool in the hands of leaders. It can persuade convince and propel people to act.
2. Learning Objectives
Define and explain motivation
Compare and contrast early theories of motivation
Compare and contrast contemporary theories of
motivation
Discuss current issues in motivating employees
4. What is Motivation?
• Motivation
– The process by which a person’s efforts are
energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal
– Individuals differ in motivational drive
– Overall motivation varies from situation to situation
5. How Do you Motivate Your
Employees?
•Say “Thank You”
•Notice When Someone is Doing the Right Thing
•Get to Know Employees
•Professional Development Opportunities
•People Support What They Help Create
•All Staff Deserve Recognition
•Group Recognition is as Important as Individual Recognition
•Have Fun!
6. Three Elements of Motivation
This definition has three key elements:
1. Energy - a measure of intensity or drive.
2. Direction - effort channeled in a direction that benefits
the organization.
3. Persistence - when employees persist in putting forth
effort to achieve those goals.
9. Abraham Maslow
He described how different needs have greater priority
than others. When he did, he found that our needs can
be understood better by arranging them in the order of
their importance, in our lives.
10.
11. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory?
• Maslow was a psychologist who proposed that within
every person is a hierarchy of five needs:
1. Physiological needs -
air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
1. Safety needs - protection from
elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
12. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Theory?
• 3. Belongingness and Love needs - work
group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
• 4. Esteem needs - self-
esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, d
ominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
• 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal
potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and
peak experiences.
14. What Are McGregor’s Theory X and
Theory Y?
Douglas McGregor was a Management professor at the MIT
Sloan School of Management He also taught at the Indian
Institute of Management Calcutta
McGregor is best known for proposing two assumptions about
human nature:
• Theory X
– The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid
responsibility, and must be coerced to work
• Theory Y
– The assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek
responsibility, and can exercise self-direction
16. What Is Herzberg’s Two-Factor
Theory?
Frederick Herzberg’s an American psychologist who
became one of the most influential names in business
management.
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory, also
known as the two-factor theory proposes that:
Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction
Extrinsic factors are associated with job
dissatisfaction
17. What Is Herzberg’s Two-Factor
Theory?
Hygiene Factors
Factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction but don’t
motivate.
Motivators
Factors that increase job satisfaction and motivation
18. What Is Herzberg’s Two-Factor
Theory?
Hygiene or Dissatisfies: Motivators or Satisfiers:
Pay and Benefits Achievement
Company Policy and Recognition
Administration
Work Itself
Relationships with co-
workers Responsibility
Supervision Promotion
Growth
22. David C. McClelland
was an American psychological theorist. Noted for his
work on need theory.
23. What Is McClelland’s Three-Needs
Theory?
Three acquired needs are major motives at work
• 1-Need for Achievement (nAch)
– The drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of
standards
– person is 'achievement motivated' and achievement,
attainment of realistic but challenging goals, There is
a strong need for feedback as to achievement and
progress, and a need for a sense of
accomplishment.
24. What Is McClelland’s Three-Needs
Theory?
• 2-Need for Power (nPow)
– The need to make others behave in a way that they
would not have behaved otherwise
– person is 'authority motivated'. This driver produces
a need to be influential, effective and to make an
impact. There is a strong need to lead and for their
ideas to prevail. There is also motivation and need
towards increasing personal status and prestige.
25. What Is McClelland’s Three-Needs
Theory?
• 3-Need for Affiliation (nAff)
– The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationships
– person is 'affiliation motivated', and has a need for
friendly relationships and is motivated towards
interaction with other people. The affiliation driver
produces motivation and need to be liked and held in
popular regard. These people are team players.
26. Motivating a Diverse Workforce
• Compressed Workweek
– A workweek in which employees work longer hours per
day but fewer days per week
• Flexible Work Hours (flextime)
– A scheduling system in which employees are required to
work a certain number of hours per week but are free,
within limits, to vary the hours of work
27. Motivating a Diverse Workforce (cont.)
• Job Sharing
When two or more people split (share) a fulltime job
• Telecommuting
A job approach in which employees work at home but are
linked by technology to the workplace
29. Designing Appropriate Rewards
Programs
• Open-Book Management
– An organization’s financial statements are shared with all
employees
• Employee Recognition Programs
– Programs that consist of personal attention and
expressions of interest, approval, and appreciation for a job
well done
• Pay-for-Performance Programs
– Variable compensation plans that pay employees on the
basis of some performance measurement
30. Additional Suggestions for
Motivating Employees
Recognize individuals
Match people to jobs
Use goals
Make goals attainable
Individualize rewards
Link rewards to performance
Don’t ignore money
Editor's Notes
This definition has three key elements: energy, direction,and persistence.4The energy element is a measure of intensity or drive. A motivated person puts fortheffort and works hard. However, the quality of the effort must be considered as well as itsintensity. High levels of effort don’t necessarily lead to favorable job performance unlessthe effort is channeled in a direction that benefits the organization. Effort that’s directedtoward, and consistent with, organizational goals is the kind of effort we want from employees.Finally, motivation includes a persistence dimension. We want employees to persist inputting forth effort to achieve those goals.