The document discusses various theories and models of motivation. It begins by defining motivation and examining the relationship between motivation and performance. It then outlines several need-based models of motivation including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's acquired needs theory. Process models of motivation such as the expectancy model, equity theory, and goal setting are also summarized. The document concludes by examining contemporary approaches to motivation and prescriptions for improving motivation.

1. Topic 6
Motivating Organizational Members

2. Motivation Defined
The forces and expenditure of effort acting on
or within a person that cause that person to
behave in a specific, goal-directed manner.
• Motivation is the management process of
influencing another person based on the
knowledge of “what makes the person tick”
• Motivation are those factors that cause
people’s behavior
What is motivation

3. The Relationship Between Motivation
and Performance
Education
Knowledge
Mechanical
Skills
Psychomotor
Skills
Mental
Skills
Motivation x Ability Performance

4. Basic assumption about
motivation
• 1.Motivation is considered as
something good
• 2Motivation affect performance
• 3.Motivation may decline
• 4.Motivation is one of mgt tools to
influence performance
•

5. MOTIVATION PROCESS
Needs
(unfilled) Tension Drive Search Behavior
Satisfied needs
(Needs to be fulfilled)
Reduction of Tension

6. The Early Views Of
Motivation
• 1.The traditional view
• 2.The human relations model
• 3.The human resources model

7. The Traditional Model
• Is associated with Frederick
Taylor and the scientific mgt.
• Assume that workers are lazy and
could only be motivated by
financial reward

8. The Human relations model
• Is most often associated with Elton
Mayo.
• Believed that managers could
motivate employees by
acknowledging their social needs and
by making them feel useful and
important

9. The Human Resources Model
• Assume that workers have the
capacity to accept, even seek,
responsibility.
• Managers should create a
working environment to
maximize workers talents and
potential

10. Motivation Approaches
• Need-Based Models
– Emphasize specific human needs or the factors
within a person that energize, direct, and stop
behavior.
• Process Models
– Take a more dynamic view of motivation. They
focus on understanding the thought or cognitive
processes that take place within the individual’s
mind and act to affect behavior, as well as cues in
the environment that influence behavior.

11. Need-Based Models of Motivation
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of
Needs
Herzberg’s
Two-Factor
Model
Acquired-
Needs Model

12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• According to Maslow, a person has five
fundamental needs:
– Physiological, security, affiliation, esteem, and
self-actualization.
• Individuals have various needs and try to
satisfy these needs using a priority system or
hierarchy.

13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-
actualization
Esteem
Affiliation
Physiological
Security

14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Abraham proposed that there are five levels of
human needs:
• 1.Physiological needs e.g need for food and
shelter
• 2.Safety and security e.g Freedom from fear
• 3.Social needs e.g affection, affiliation and
belongings
• 4.Esteem e.g Power, respect and prestige
• 5.Self actualization e.g Advancement and
career development

15. Assumptions of the Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs model
• 1.Human needs are satisfied in stages
beginning with the lower level needs
• 2.A satisfied need is not a motivator of
behavior, only unsatisfied needs are
motivator
• 3.If higher level needs are not satisfied,
lower level needs will again become
dominant

16. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
• Frederick Hertzberg proposed that
motivation depends on two factors:
• 1.Motivators/Satisfiers
• 2.Hygiene /Dissatisfiers

17. Motivators/Satisfiers
• Factors that causes satisfaction
• Satisfiers are factors in the job
content. E.g Work itself,
responsibility, interest, autonomy
and feedback

18. Hygiene/Dissatisfiers
• Factors that causes dissatisfaction
• Hygiene are factors in the job context. E.g
Wages and salary, company policy and social
factors
• Hygiene factors if present will not create
satisfaction, it only prevent dissatisfaction

19. Two-Factor Model
Slide 2 of 2
Motivator Factors
Hygiene Factors
- Achievement
- Recognition
- The work itself
- Company policy
- Salary
- Work conditions
Dissatifaction No dissatifaction
No satisfaction Satisfaction

20. McGregor Theory X VS Theory Y
• Mcgregor proposed that there are
two different sets of assumptions
about what motivates people:
• 1.Theory X
• 2.Theory Y

21. Theory X
• Contends that people dislike work and
will avoid it whenever possible
• They must be controlled or even
threatened with punishment to get
them to work.
• Managers have to be strict and
authoritarian

22. Theory Y
• An optimistic view of people and
their work.
• People accept and even seek
responsibility.
• People are creative , imaginative and
able to exercise self direction and self
control

23. Mc Clelland Three Needs Theory
• Said that these three needs are the major force or
motives in work.
• Divided into three
–Need for achievement (nAch)
• The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set
of standards, and to strive to success.

24. • Need for power (nPow)
–The need to make others behave in a way
that they would not have behaved
otherwise.
• Need for affiliation (nAff)
–The desire for friendly and close
interpersonal relationships.

25. Acquired-Needs Model
• The acquired-needs model focuses on three
particularly important or relevant needs in the
work environment:
– Need for achievement
– Need for affiliation
– Need for power
• The model proposes that when a need is
strong, it will motivate the person to engage in
behavior to satisfy that need.

26. Acquired-Needs Model
• Need for Achievement
– The drive to excel, to accomplish challenging
tasks, and to achieve a standard of excellence.
• Need for Power
– The desire to influence and control one’s
environment.
• Need for Affiliation
– The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationships.

27. Likert System Four Management
• Developed by Rensis Likert
• Proposed that there are four types of management styles:
• 1. Autocratic authoritative - Mgt make all decisions.
Subordinates do not have any rights to contribute ideas.
• 2.Benevolent Authoritative - Subordinates are given some
latitude to contribute ideas but mgt still makes the final
decisions.
• 3.Consultative- Subordinates contributions are encourage.
• 4.Participative - Team or democratic styles

28. Process-Based Models of Motivation
Expectancy
Model
Equity
Model
Goal
Setting
Behavior
Modification
• Motivational model suggesting that work motivation is
determined by the individual’s perceptions:
- The relationship between effort and performance.
- The desirability of various work outcomes that are
associated with different performance levels.
Expectancy Model

29. Expectancy Model
• Components of Expectancy Model
– Expectancy
• The belief that a particular level of effort will be
followed by a particular level of performance.
– Instrumentality
• The probability assigned by the individual that a
specific level of achieved task performance will lead to
various work outcomes.
– Valence
• The value or importance that the individual attaches
to various work outcomes.

30. Expectancy Model
Effort
Performance
Outcomes: Rewards
Valence
Instrumentality
Expectancy

31. The Process Theory
• Assume that motivation= expectancy x valens
• Valens refers to the quality of the rewards
• Expectancy refers to the workers expectation
that behaviors will lead to a certain outcomes.
E.g if they work hard they expect to be
rewarded

32. The Reinforcement Theory
• Assume that motivation has nothing
to do with rewards or needs.But
motivation is simply a learning
process.I.e How past experience
influenced future behaviors

33. Behavior Modification
• Behavior modification is the application of
reinforcement theory that rests on two
underlying assumptions:
– First, human behavior is determined by the
environment.
– Second, human behavior is subject to observable
laws and can be predicted and changed.

34. Behavior Modification
• Implication of Behavior Modification
Assumptions
– Since people repeat behaviors that are positively
reinforced and avoid behaviors that are punished,
managers can influence employee performance
by reinforcing behavior they see as supporting
organizational goals.

35. Reinforcement Strategies
• Positive Reinforcement
– The administration of positive and rewarding
consequences following a desired behavior.
• Avoidance
– Strengthens desired behavior by allowing escape
from an undesirable consequence.
• Extinction
- The withdrawal of the positive reward or reinforcing
consequences for an undesirable behavior.
• Punishment
- The administration of negative consequences
following undesirable

36. Reinforcement Strategies
Behavior
Supports
organizational
goals
Hinders
organizational
goals
Positive
reinforcement
Avoidance Extinction Punishment

37. The Equity Theory
• Based on the assumption that motivation
is dependent on the individual evaluation
of the equity or fairness of the rewards
received. i.e If workers perceived that
management are unfair their motivation
will decline

38. Equity Model
• Equity model focuses on an individual’s
feelings about how fairly he or she is
treated in comparison with others.
• The model makes two assumptions:
– Individuals evaluate their interpersonal
relationships just as they evaluate any
exchange process.
– Individuals compare their situations with those
of others to determine the equity of their own
situation.

39. Equity Model
• Maintaining Equity
– Equity theory suggests that maintaining one’s self-
esteem is an important priority. To reduce a perceived
inequity, a person may take one of the following actions:
• Change work inputs either upward or downward to
an equitable level.
• Change outcomes to restore equity.
• Psychologically distort comparisons.
– Ways of reducing a perceived inequity:
• Change the comparison person he or she is using to
another person.
• Leave the situation (e.g., quit the job or transfer to
another department).

40. Goal Setting
• A process intended to increase efficiency and
effectiveness by specifying the desired outcomes
toward which individuals, groups, departments, and
organizations work.
• As a motivational tool, goal setting can help
employees because goals serve three purposes:
– Guide and direct behavior toward supportive
organizational goals.
– Provide challenges and standards against which the
individual can be assessed.
– Define what is important and provide a framework for
planning.

41. Motivational Challenges For Today’s
Managers
• 1.Participative management
• 2.Recognition programs
• 3.Money as a motivator
• 4.Rewarding team performance

42. Participative management
• The need to encourage employees
involvement in the workplace beyond the
scope of their job.
• Employee recognition is a powerful element
to motivate employees and elicit positive
behavior.e.g offering tangible and intangible in
recognition of excellence

43. Money as a motivator
• 1.Money is a motivator when a “significant
amount of money is involved”
• 2.Money is not a motivator
• A) The amount of money is too small to make
a difference
B) Productive behavior has not been
defined
C) Poor or no measures of productive
behavior.

44. Rewarding team performance
• The need for managers to develop
effective mechanism to reward team
performance.

45. Contemporary Motivational Approaches
• Participative Management
– Encompasses various activities in which subordinates
share a significant degree of decision-making power
with their immediate superiors.
– The use of participative management involves any
process where power, knowledge, information, and
rewards are moved downward in the organization.
– When companies increase the amount of control and
discretion workers have over their jobs, they are
empowering employees and may improve the
motivation of both employees and management.

46. Contemporary Motivational Approaches
• Money as a Motivator
-Does money motivate employees?
• Expectancy Model - Asserts that money
motivates people if it is contingent on
performance and satisfies their personal goals.
• Herzberg’s Two-Factor Model - Would argue
that money is a hygiene factor, so it does not
act as a motivator.

47. Prescription for Greater Motivation
• Tell people what you expect them to do.
• Make the work valuable.
• Make the work doable.
• Give feedback.
• Reward successful performance.