High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as; enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
The difference between sbr, mbr and mbbr-sewage treatment plantsCleantechwater_19
Cleantech is a leading name when it comes to sewage treatment plants in India. We provide advanced and reliable wastewater treatment plants, including MBR, MBBR & SBR plants.
The difference between sbr, mbr and mbbr-sewage treatment plantsCleantechwater_19
Cleantech is a leading name when it comes to sewage treatment plants in India. We provide advanced and reliable wastewater treatment plants, including MBR, MBBR & SBR plants.
Green Method Engineering (GME) is a reputed wastewater management company in Kerala who uses the advanced purification technology like MBBR for the wastewater treatment.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Treatment of SewageAravind Samala
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE BASED ON UASB PROCESS. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB),was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970's
Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology refers to a special kind of reactor concept for the "high rate" anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option.
To produce by products like Methane enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
Green Method Engineering (GME) is a reputed wastewater management company in Kerala who uses the advanced purification technology like MBBR for the wastewater treatment.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Treatment of SewageAravind Samala
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE BASED ON UASB PROCESS. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB),was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970's
Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology refers to a special kind of reactor concept for the "high rate" anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option.
To produce by products like Methane enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
Investigation on effluent characteristics of organic cotton fabric dyeing wit...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Environmental sustainability is the major concern in the age of modern world. For textile and apparel sector, this has been a burning issue for many related concerned bodies. The pretreatment and dyeing process of greige fabrics results in large volume of effluents that has harmful effect on environment. In this study, the ecological parameters of the effluents obtained from scouring and dyeing of 100% organic cotton single jersey knitted fabrics with environmentally low impact Remazol series reactive dyes adopting exhaust dyeing method was investigated. The effluents collected for investigating the ecological parameters include chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and alkalinity. The results show that the use of the low impact reactive dyes has greater ecological advantages as it reduces the COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, pH values and increases the DO values of effluents. Organic cotton itself being eco-friendly along with Remazol series sustainable dyes provides the better ecological results. Hence, the results indicated that wet processing of organic cotton knitted fabric with eco-friendly and low impact reactive dyes provide better ecological advantages.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
adsorbent parameters for removal of dye products Ali
The usage of dyes is increasing due to their high demand in expanding industrial sector. As a result, large volumes of dye wastewater are being generated, particularly in the textile industry. Colored effluent discharged by industrial processes into surface water bodies negatively affects aquatic, human, and animal life, which is a major global concern. To reduce the detrimental effects of dye wastewater on the environment, it should be treated before its disposal. This article extensively reviews the existing and advancements in physical, physicochemical and chemical technologies and their efficacies in dye removal (%)
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Efficacy of ipron and max gold on phytophthora infestansSakil Ahmed
Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight".) Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish and 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect tomatoes and some other members of the Solanaceae. At first, the spots are gray-green and water-soaked, but they soon enlarge and turn dark brown and firm, with a rough surface.
This year due to higher temperature on day time, Fog, and excess humidity weather was unfriendly potato plants. So that plant has contaminated by Phytophthora infestans on early stage. Moreover uncertain precipitation influence rapid contamination of disease.
As we do not have any higher combined fungicide as like “200 g/lazoxystrobin 125 g/ ldifenoconazole” I have made a new combination by using our product 6.25 g /Mancozeb 3.20 g/ Metalayxyle 1.28 g/Iprodion . It means Maxgold 4gms + Ipron 1.56 gms per litter of water. The combined solution of chemicals has protect potato plant from Phytophthora infestans.
On the basis of the field demonstration we can say that, the combination of 6.25 g /Mancozeb 3.20 g/ Metalayxyle 1.28 g/Iprodion can prevent and cure Phytophthora infestans
Maize (Zea mays subsp.), known in some English-speaking countries as corn, is a large grain plant domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears which contain the grain, which are seeds called kernels. Maize kernels are often used in cooking as a starch. This document contain ...1. Structure and physiology,2. Varieties,3. Climate, soils and production areas,4. The sowing operation 5. Maintenance At crop establishment 6. Major Diseases of Maize 7. Major Insect Pest of Maize 8.Global Maize Production ,9Global Consumption of Maize and many more about Maize .
Food spoilage means the original nutritional value, texture, flavor of the food are damaged, the food become harmful to people and unsuitable to eat.
Food Spoilage By
1.Microorganisms
2.Enzymes
3.Insects
Food Is that which nourishes the body. Anything eaten or drunk, which can be absorbed by the body to be se as energy source ,building, regulating or protective material.
Nutrients is food substance that provides energy which is necessary for growth and repair.
Examples of nutrients are vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Business is exchange of Goods,Services,or Money for mutual Benefit or Profit.
Objectives of a Business is....
Profit
Survival
Growth
Social responsibility
Earth's climate is mostly influenced by the first 6 miles or so of the atmosphere which contains most of the matter making up the atmosphere. This is really a very thin layer if you think about it. In the book The End of Nature, author Bill McKibbin tells of walking three miles to from his cabin in the Adirondack's to buy food. Afterwards, he realized that on this short journey he had traveled a distance equal to that of the layer of the atmosphere where almost all the action of our climate is contained. In fact, if you were to view Earth from space, the principle part of the atmosphere would only be about as thick as the skin on an onion! Realizing this makes it more plausible to suppose that human beings can change the climate. A look at the amount of greenhouse gases we are spewing into the atmosphere (see below), makes it even more plausible
According to The USDA system of Soil Taxonomy Twelve soil soil orders are recognized. Andisols is one of them.
Globally, Andisols are the least extensive soil order and only account for >1% of the ice-free land area.
National education policy 2010 (Bangladesh)Sakil Ahmed
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next.
Education is the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and
values from one generation to another.
National education policy of bangladeshSakil Ahmed
Education is the backbone of a nation. Since the Independence of Bangladesh, it has not been possible for us to implement any Education Policy in the last four decades. Although the first Education Policy was formulated under the initiative of the founder of independent Bangladesh and Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman based on the needs of an independent country.
Climate change refers to seasonal changes over a long period of time.
Worldwide, people are paying serious attention to climate change.
Because so many systems are tied to climate, such as, people, plants and animals live, such as food production, availability and use of water, and health risks.
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as "global warming"
Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record — extending deep into the Earth's past — has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change.
The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
The deterioration of seed quality, vigor and viability, due to high relative humidity and high temperature during the post-maturation and per-harvest period is referred to as field weathering,
Deterioration caused by weathering is directly related to seed exposure to adverse conditions.
Exposure to hot and humid conditions, rainfall, photo period after ripening are per-harvest factors, cause seed quality loss.
Most crops grow best when the pH is at or near neutral which is a pH of 7.0. It is a sure bet that in those situations where the soil is at a pH of 4.8 that there will be a substantial reduction in crop production. Yield reductions under low pH conditions are the result of several factors. including reduced root mass, reduced nutrient uptake and reduced nutrient availability. When the soil pH goes down applied fertilizer becomes less available because it is tied up in a form that will make it unavailable to the plant for many years. This is especially true of phosphorous but potassium can also be made unavailable through this process.
Ken Kelley, retired Crops and Soil Researcher at the Southeast Ag Research Center in Parsons did some work to determine how much yield reduction there is in various crops based upon specific soil pH levels. This test was run for three years and included grain sorghum, full-season soybeans, double-crop soybeans and wheat. The pH ranges included 4.9, 5.3, 6.1, 6.5 and 7.0.
The yields at the 4.9 pH level includes sorghum at 83.8 bushels, full season beans at 26.5 bu., double-crop beans at 17.6 bu., and wheat at 45.4 bushels. Yields at the 5.3 pH level includes sorghum at 89.9 bu., full-season beans at 28.7 bu., double-crop beans at 20.3 bu. and wheat at 46.1 bu. Yields at the 6.1 pH level includes sorghum at 96.3 bu., full-season beans at 32.8 bu., double-crop beans at 22 bu. and wheat at 47.3 bu. Yields at the 6.5 pH level includes sorghum at 99.3 bu., full-season beans at 33.4 bu., double-crop beans at 23.3 bu., and wheat at 49.1 bu. Yields at the 7.0 pH includes sorghum at 99.0 bu., full-season beans at 34.3 bu., double-crop beans at 22.3 bu. and wheat at 48.2 bu.
Looking at these results it is plain to see that the ideal pH lies somewhere between 6.5 and 7.0. Even though the yield differences in some instances may not seem that great, if you look at the difference in total production over time, it becomes quite apparent that liming does pay for itself many times over, especially in times of high crop prices.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. 2013
International University of Business
Agriculture and Technology
Sakil Ahmed
[ TEXTILE WASTEWATER TREATMENT]
[ The anaerobic treatment process is a high quality one having some favorable opportunities such as; low cost, simple
operational mechanism and able to produce less volume of excess sludge, and the organic matter can be converted into
energy in the form of biogas. Therefore, anaerobic process is a highly beneficial process in terms of environmental protection
and the process is economically viable. In Bangladesh, anaerobic process is completely a novel technology.]
2. 2
UASB Process
High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile
wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The
textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals
which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence
of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental
degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile
processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to
production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is
grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing
employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as;
enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in
terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The
textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of
chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has
inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
3. 3
Picture-1: Direct Discharge of Textile wastewater in the waterways of Bangladesh.
Anaerobic Process:
The anaerobic treatment process is a high quality one having some favorable opportunities
such as; low cost, simple operational mechanism and able to produce less volume of excess
sludge, and the organic matter can be converted into energy in the form of biogas. Therefore,
anaerobic process is a highly beneficial process in terms of environmental protection and the
process is economically viable. In Bangladesh, anaerobic process is completely a novel
technology. It can reduce environmental pollution and can achieve energy in terms of biogas
from wastewater. In this process in absence of oxygen, it converts organic compounds to CH4
and CO2. This CH4 is an alternative source of bio-energy which will be utilized for power
generation. The remaining sludge will be converted to bio-fertilizer and will be used
commercially for increasing crop production. This anaerobic digestion is a promising process
used widely for the treatment of textile wastewater in tropical and subtropical countries like
India, Brazil, Mexico and Malaysia (Zeeman and Lettinga et al., 1999).
Direct discharge of Textile wastewater in the
waterways
Direct discharge of Textile wastewater in the
waterways
4. 4
The successful application of anaerobic technology for treating textile wastewater depends on
high-rate bioreactors which achieve a high reaction rate per unit reactor volume by retaining
the biomass in the reactor for long period. Solid retention time (SRT) is not dependent on the
hydraulic retention time (HRT). The Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) process is a
“high rate” anaerobic treatment process. The major significant features of UASB reactor are as
follows:
A). It has high rate of anaerobic treatment capacity,
B). Treatment efficiency well under mesophilic temperature condition,
C). High organic loaded wastewater can be treated,
D). The process is simple and operation costs are very low,
E). High organic matter removal efficiency,
F). Bio-energy production through the biogas and
G). Very low sludge production compared to conventional treatment process.
Objectives:
The following objectives of the present experiment are as follows:
i. Reduction of organic load pollution from textile wastewater by using Bioreactor
system
ii. Investigation of biological ETP process by using UASB process.
iii. To protect the environmental bio-degradation of riverine systems
iv. Bioreactor system can serve as Bio-energy and Bio-fertilizer from textile
wastewater which is an economic and integration process
v. Through the combined process, the final effluent can be used in irrigation and
aquaculture system
5. 5
UASB Process:
Most of the developing countries do not maintain any treatment process for textile wastewater
and some of the countries just follow the traditional methods such as stabilizing ponds for
wastewater treatment without applying the anaerobic treatment (de Sousa et al., 2001; Melo et
al., 2000). Stabilizing pond takes very long time, extensive land area is required, spread a
serious noxious smell and causes the air pollution and acts as breeding field for mosquitoes
which affect seriously the public health and spreads diseases. Many studies were conducted to
assess the treatment feasibility on anaerobic treatment process (Alaerts et al., 1990, 1993).
The Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) process is a “high rate” anaerobic treatment
process. The UASB treatment system has been developed first time in Netherlands in 1970s
(Lettinga and Vinken, 1980). Thereafter, the intensive use of UASB system has been
developed for sewage treatment over the past decades in developing countries in the tropical
and subtropical regions such as Brazil, Colombia, China, India, and Mexico (Ciftci and Oztiirk
1995). Under the UASB process treatment mechanisms are shown in Figure-1.
Since 1981, anaerobic digestion process has greatly increased as because of low cost and
generation of CH4 in terms of bio-fuel from wastewater. In Europe, more than 36,000
anaerobic treatment plants have been operating using anaerobic treatment systems and
producing over 15 million m3
·d-1
of methane which are using as bio-fuel (Tilche and
Malaspina 1998). In Mexico, presently treating the wastewater 2.5 m3
S-1
which is in terms
of 590 tons COD per day (Monroy, et al., 2000). Von Sperling (1996). During the earlier
development of anaerobic treatment, the main drawback was the low rate of treatment
process i.e., the reactor operated under the long Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). It has
already been proved that the (UASB) system can be widely used in low and high
6. 6
temperature conditions with shorter retention time (Harada et al., 1996; Uemura and
Harada, 2000).
Bio-filtration Process
The Down-flow Hanging Sponge (DHS) system has been developed first-time in Japan to
make the standardized effluent quality of wastewater. The novel combined process of UASB
and DHS system is very appropriate technology for the significant reduction of organic matter
from the wastewater. The UASB and DHS combined system has been developed by Professor
Heideki Harada and his research group, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
(Uemura and Harada, 2000). The aerobic bio-filtration process treatment mechanisms are
shown in Figure-2
Fig-2: Schematic frame of bio-filtration process for the reduction of carbon from wastewater
Ii). Full Scale Project on UASB and Bio-filtration Process:
Although this pilot project is successfully running but it is needed to setup as full scale mode
under a textile industry. A schematic flowchart and operational overview of the combined
system of UASB and bio-filtration system is shown in Figure-5. The full scale model of the
7. 7
Bio-rector design is described as below:
Fig-5: Flow-chart of the bioreactor process system.
A typical type of UASB and Bio-filtration experimental design is shown in Figure-6. The raw
textile wastewater will be fed from the bottom portion of the UASB reactor under the up-flow
mode direction. Continuous feeding will be made by using pump from the raw feeding tank.
The UASB effluent will be distributed at the top of the bio-filter by a distributor arm that rotates
and spray the UASB effluent homogenously. The total capacity volume of the ETP system will
be 60 m3
h-1
. A total amount of the bio-filter volume will be used at HRT is 4 h which depends
on bio-filter volume. A clarifier will be constructed under the Bio-tower for finally settle the
suspended particles.
8. 8
Fig: Typical reactor design of UASB and DHS combined system for textile
wastewater treatment.
Two months will be needed to stabilize the UASB process and then the inoculation of seedling
process will be started. The organic materials loads will be calculated on the basis of Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). During the experiment, the
following pollution parameters will be determined such as; Suspended Solids (SS), Volatile
Suspended Solids (VSS), NH4-N, nitrification and denitrification process. Under the proposed
experiment the CODt mass balance of the whole treatment process will also be estimated to
testify the pollution removal efficiency rate. Finally the final treated effluent will be used in
irrigation and aquaculture system for the production purposes.