Andisol sakil
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Andisols are a soil order formed from volcanic ash and cinder deposits. They largely consist of non-crystalline minerals like allophone and imogolite that form strong bonds with organic matter. Andisols are typically light, fluffy soils that hold a lot of water like a sponge. While fertile soils when not highly weathered, volcanic soils can complex with phosphorus and require additions of organic matter, lime or fertilizer to maintain fertility.
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Sedimentation in the Afikpo graben (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the Campano-Maastrichtian marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali Formation lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo and Ameke Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. The primary minerals are Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxenes, Haematite. The secondary minerals are further classified into two major groups of 1:1 clay minerals and 2:1 clay minerals. The 1:1 clay minerals are kaolinite and halloysite, while the examples of 2:1 mineral are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Clay fractions of shale samples obtained from the Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Afikpo graben, South eastern Nigeria through the process of sedimentation technique were air – dried and analyzed using the empyrean diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical to determine the presence of clay mineralization in the area. The result shows that the bulk mineral composition of the shales comprises of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates and iron rich minerals, while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite (70 – 80%) with minor amounts of illite (4 – 7 %) and smectite (10 – 20) as typical composition of tropical sediment.
Soil.pptx
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, and liquids that supports life on Earth. It is formed from parent material like rocks through weathering forces over time. Soil composition includes inorganic materials from broken down rocks, organic materials from decaying plants and animals, and varying amounts of water and air. Studying soil characteristics is important for engineering projects to ensure structural stability and avoid problems. Different soil types have varying properties due to formation factors like climate, topography, and parental material. Common soil types include black, desert, red, clay, and laterite soils.
slides about weathering in various region.ppt
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks through physical and chemical processes near Earth's surface. There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering involves physical breakdown while chemical weathering involves chemical decomposition through reactions with water, acids, and organisms. Weathering produces sediment and soils and exposes important mineral resources. Factors like climate, surface area, and rock type control the rate of chemical weathering. Soil forms as weathered material accumulates and is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, water and organisms. Different climates produce different soil types with varying fertility. Soil degradation can damage ecosystems and human civilizations.
soils and Red soil with animations
Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and myriad organisms that together support plant life. Two general classes are topsoil and subsoil. Soil is a natural body that exists as part of the pedosphere and which performs four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of the atmosphere of Earth; and it is a habitat for organisms all of which modify the soil. Soil is considered to be the "skin of the earth" with interfaces between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere of Earth, and biosphere.[2] Soil consists of a solid phase (minerals and organic matter) as well as a porous phase that holds gases and water.[3][4][5] Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three-state system.[6]
Soil
This document discusses soil, including its composition, formation processes, and classification. Soil forms through weathering of parent materials and is influenced by climate, topography, biological factors, and time. Key processes in soil formation include leaching, eluviation, illuviation, podsolisation, and gleying. Soil taxonomy classifies soils into orders, suborders, great groups, and subgroups based on properties related to formation factors. Soil provides the medium for plant growth and is a natural resource consisting of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and living organisms.
PPT EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEM Grade 11.pptx
Exogenic processes are geological processes that occur on the surface of the Earth and involve interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. They include weathering, erosion, deposition, and sedimentation.
Endogenic processes are geological processes that occur underneath Earth's surface, within the lithosphere and asthenosphere. They include plate tectonics, mountain building, volcanism, and seismic and igneous activity. Endogenic processes are driven by internal heat from the Earth's core and mantle and shape the interior of the planet independently from surface influences.
The key difference is that exogenic processes are surface processes influenced by external, near-surface factors like the atmosphere, while endogenic processes are internal processes within Earth driven
Physical and Chemical Weathering.ppt
Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes involving interactions between the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through frost action, plant growth, and abrasion by water, ice, or wind, changing the rock's size and shape but not its chemical composition. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydration, carbonation, and dissolution by water. The rate of weathering depends on climate, mineral composition, particle size and shape, with smaller and more angular particles weathering faster. Weathering produces sediments and soils, including residual soils formed from local bedrock and transported soils moved from other locations.
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GENESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF NON CRYSTALLINE SILICATE CLAY MINERAL.pptx
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Evidence of Clay Mineralization on Tropical Sediments from Afikpo Graben, SE ...
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Efficacy of ipron and max gold on phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight".) Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish and 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect tomatoes and some other members of the Solanaceae. At first, the spots are gray-green and water-soaked, but they soon enlarge and turn dark brown and firm, with a rough surface.
This year due to higher temperature on day time, Fog, and excess humidity weather was unfriendly potato plants. So that plant has contaminated by Phytophthora infestans on early stage. Moreover uncertain precipitation influence rapid contamination of disease.
As we do not have any higher combined fungicide as like “200 g/lazoxystrobin 125 g/ ldifenoconazole” I have made a new combination by using our product 6.25 g /Mancozeb 3.20 g/ Metalayxyle 1.28 g/Iprodion . It means Maxgold 4gms + Ipron 1.56 gms per litter of water. The combined solution of chemicals has protect potato plant from Phytophthora infestans.
On the basis of the field demonstration we can say that, the combination of 6.25 g /Mancozeb 3.20 g/ Metalayxyle 1.28 g/Iprodion can prevent and cure Phytophthora infestans
Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp.), known in some English-speaking countries as corn, is a large grain plant domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears which contain the grain, which are seeds called kernels. Maize kernels are often used in cooking as a starch. This document contain ...1. Structure and physiology,2. Varieties,3. Climate, soils and production areas,4. The sowing operation 5. Maintenance At crop establishment 6. Major Diseases of Maize 7. Major Insect Pest of Maize 8.Global Maize Production ,9Global Consumption of Maize and many more about Maize .
Spoilage of food
Food spoilage means the original nutritional value, texture, flavor of the food are damaged, the food become harmful to people and unsuitable to eat.
Food Spoilage By
1.Microorganisms
2.Enzymes
3.Insects
Food preservationl
Food Preservation is thescience which dales with the process of preventing spoilage of food and stored in a fit condition for future use.
Food and nutrientl
Food Is that which nourishes the body. Anything eaten or drunk, which can be absorbed by the body to be se as energy source ,building, regulating or protective material.
Nutrients is food substance that provides energy which is necessary for growth and repair.
Examples of nutrients are vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Business plan
Business is exchange of Goods,Services,or Money for mutual Benefit or Profit.
Objectives of a Business is....
Profit
Survival
Growth
Social responsibility
Uasb wsatewater treatment
High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as; enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
Global warming
Earth's climate is mostly influenced by the first 6 miles or so of the atmosphere which contains most of the matter making up the atmosphere. This is really a very thin layer if you think about it. In the book The End of Nature, author Bill McKibbin tells of walking three miles to from his cabin in the Adirondack's to buy food. Afterwards, he realized that on this short journey he had traveled a distance equal to that of the layer of the atmosphere where almost all the action of our climate is contained. In fact, if you were to view Earth from space, the principle part of the atmosphere would only be about as thick as the skin on an onion! Realizing this makes it more plausible to suppose that human beings can change the climate. A look at the amount of greenhouse gases we are spewing into the atmosphere (see below), makes it even more plausible
Andisol
Andisols are a soil order formed from volcanic ash and cinder deposits. They largely consist of non-crystalline minerals like allophone and imogolite that form strong bonds with organic matter. Andisols are typically light, fluffy soils that hold a lot of water like a sponge. While fertile when not highly weathered, Andisols can fix phosphorus in unavailable forms, requiring additions of organic matter, lime, or fertilizers to maintain good fertility.
National education policy 2010 (Bangladesh)
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next.
Education is the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and
values from one generation to another.
National education policy of bangladesh
Education is the backbone of a nation. Since the Independence of Bangladesh, it has not been possible for us to implement any Education Policy in the last four decades. Although the first Education Policy was formulated under the initiative of the founder of independent Bangladesh and Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman based on the needs of an independent country.
Global climate change
Climate change refers to seasonal changes over a long period of time.
Worldwide, people are paying serious attention to climate change.
Because so many systems are tied to climate, such as, people, plants and animals live, such as food production, availability and use of water, and health risks.
Climate change and its effects
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as "global warming"
Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record — extending deep into the Earth's past — has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change.
Uasb water treatment process
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It provides information on the types and characteristics of anaerobic reactors including UASB and EGSB reactors. It also describes the formation of anaerobic granular sludge, which allows high biomass retention and efficient COD removal. Additionally, it compares the kinetics, environmental factors, and advantages of anaerobic versus aerobic wastewater treatment processes.
Inside the celll
The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
Seed deterioration and enhancement
The deterioration of seed quality, vigor and viability, due to high relative humidity and high temperature during the post-maturation and per-harvest period is referred to as field weathering,
Deterioration caused by weathering is directly related to seed exposure to adverse conditions.
Exposure to hot and humid conditions, rainfall, photo period after ripening are per-harvest factors, cause seed quality loss.
Acid soil amendment through liming
Most crops grow best when the pH is at or near neutral which is a pH of 7.0. It is a sure bet that in those situations where the soil is at a pH of 4.8 that there will be a substantial reduction in crop production. Yield reductions under low pH conditions are the result of several factors. including reduced root mass, reduced nutrient uptake and reduced nutrient availability. When the soil pH goes down applied fertilizer becomes less available because it is tied up in a form that will make it unavailable to the plant for many years. This is especially true of phosphorous but potassium can also be made unavailable through this process.
Ken Kelley, retired Crops and Soil Researcher at the Southeast Ag Research Center in Parsons did some work to determine how much yield reduction there is in various crops based upon specific soil pH levels. This test was run for three years and included grain sorghum, full-season soybeans, double-crop soybeans and wheat. The pH ranges included 4.9, 5.3, 6.1, 6.5 and 7.0.
The yields at the 4.9 pH level includes sorghum at 83.8 bushels, full season beans at 26.5 bu., double-crop beans at 17.6 bu., and wheat at 45.4 bushels. Yields at the 5.3 pH level includes sorghum at 89.9 bu., full-season beans at 28.7 bu., double-crop beans at 20.3 bu. and wheat at 46.1 bu. Yields at the 6.1 pH level includes sorghum at 96.3 bu., full-season beans at 32.8 bu., double-crop beans at 22 bu. and wheat at 47.3 bu. Yields at the 6.5 pH level includes sorghum at 99.3 bu., full-season beans at 33.4 bu., double-crop beans at 23.3 bu., and wheat at 49.1 bu. Yields at the 7.0 pH includes sorghum at 99.0 bu., full-season beans at 34.3 bu., double-crop beans at 22.3 bu. and wheat at 48.2 bu.
Looking at these results it is plain to see that the ideal pH lies somewhere between 6.5 and 7.0. Even though the yield differences in some instances may not seem that great, if you look at the difference in total production over time, it becomes quite apparent that liming does pay for itself many times over, especially in times of high crop prices.
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Andisol sakil
- 2. Introduction According to The USDA system of Soil Taxonomy Twelve soil soil orders are recognized. Andisols is one of them. Globally, Andisols are the least extensive soil order and only account for >1% of the ice-free land area. 2sakil.iubat@gmail.com
- 3. Parent materials Andisols, also known asVolcanic soils, are formed from volcanic ash and cinder deposits. Most of the world’s volcanic soils are not highly weathered. 3sakil.iubat@gmail.com
- 4. Mineralogy Volcanic soils largely consist of non- crystalline minerals, such as allophone and imogolite. These minerals form strong bonds with organic matter. As a result, organic matter generally accumulates in the surface horizon. In addition to organic matter, volcanic soils may also contain high amounts of volcanic glass material with the possibility of amorphous iron and aluminum minerals. 4sakil.iubat@gmail.com
- 5. Physical Traits Andisols are usually light. Fluffy and are easily tilled. Like a sponge These soils also hold a lot of water. 5sakil.iubat@gmail.com
- 6. Fertility When not highly weathered, volcanic soils are typically very fertile soils. However, volcanic soils form strong complexes with phosphorus. When poorly managed, phosphorus can be limiting. Fertility problems may be corrected with additions of organic matter, lime and/or fertilizer amendments. 6sakil.iubat@gmail.com