Iron – Carbon Diagram is also known as Iron – Carbon Phase Diagram or Iron – Carbon Equilibrium diagram or Iron – Iron Carbide diagram or Fe-Fe3C diagram
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The iron and iron carbide phase diagram discribes about the percentage of carbon in steel, cast iron and wrought iron etc. Ferrite, perlite and cementite are discussing in the topic.
Iron – Carbon Diagram is also known as Iron – Carbon Phase Diagram or Iron – Carbon Equilibrium diagram or Iron – Iron Carbide diagram or Fe-Fe3C diagram
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
The iron and iron carbide phase diagram discribes about the percentage of carbon in steel, cast iron and wrought iron etc. Ferrite, perlite and cementite are discussing in the topic.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Martensitic Transformations in steels
1. MP Advanced metallic materials
Diffusionless Martensitic Steels
Hitesh Sharma
Awais Qadir
Supervisor: Igor S. Golovin
2. MP Advanced metallic materials
Phase Transformation
• Alteration of one or more phases to other phase(s)
• Most phase transformations begin with the
formation of numerous small particles of the new
phase that increase in size until the transformation is
complete.
Fe
g
(Austenite)
Eutectoid
transformation
C FCC
Fe3C
(cementite)
a
(ferrite)
+
(BCC)
3. MP Advanced metallic materials
Types of Phase Transformation
Diffusion-independent with no change in composition or
number of phases present
(melting/solidification of pure metal,
allotropic transformations, recrystallization)
Diffusion-dependent but changes in composition or
number of phase
( eutectoid transformations)
Diffusionless metastable phase by small displacements
of atoms in structure
(martensitic transformation discussed later)
4. MP Advanced metallic materials
Strength
Ductility
Martensite
T Martensite
bainite
fine pearlite
coarse pearlite
spheroidite
General Trends
Possible Transformations
5. MP Advanced metallic materials
Diffusionless Transformation
• A diffusionless transformation is a phase change that
occurs without the long-range diffusion of atoms but
rather by some form of cooperative, homogeneous
movement of many atoms that results in a change in
crystal structure.
• These movements are small, usually less than the
interatomic distances, and the atoms maintain their
relative relationships.
• The ordered movement of large numbers of atoms lead
some to refer to these as military transformations in
contrast to civilian diffusion-based phase changes.
6. MP Advanced metallic materials
Martensitic Transformation
• Martensite: austenite quenched to room T
• Austenite martensite does not involve diffusion no activation: athermal
transformation
• Each atom displaces small (sub-atomic) distance to transform FCC g-Fe (austenite) to
martensite, a Body Centered Tetragonal (BCT) unit cell (like BCC, but one unit cell axis
longer than other two).
• Martensite is metastable - persists indefinitely at room T: transforms to equilibrium
phases on at elevated temperature
• Since martensite is a metastable phase, it does not appear in phase Fe-C phase
diagram.
• The amount of martensite formed is a function of the temperature to
which the sample is quenched and not of time.
• The shear changes the shape of the transforming region:
→ results in considerable amount of shear energy
→ plate-like shape of Martensite
7. MP Advanced metallic materials 7
• Martensite:
-- g(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.21 courtesy
United States Steel Corporation.)
Adapted from Fig. 10.20,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Martensite: A Nonequilibrium Transformation
Product
Martensite needles
Austenite
60m
x
x x
x
x
x
potential
C atom sites
Fe atom
sites
Adapted from
Fig. 10.22,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
• Isothermal Transf. Diagram
• g to martensite (M) transformation..
-- is rapid! (diffusionless)
-- % transf. depends only on T to
which rapidly cooled
10 103
105
time (s)10-1
400
600
800
T(ºC)
Austenite (stable)
200
P
B
TEA
A
M + A
M + A
M + A
0%
50%
90%
8. MP Advanced metallic materials
Martensite
FCC
Austenite
FCC
Austenite
Alternate choice of
Cell
Tetragonal
Martensite
Austenite to Martensite → 4.3 % volume increase
Possible positions of
Carbon atoms
Only a fraction of
the sites occupied
20% contraction of c-axis
12% expansion of a-axis
In Pure Fe after
the Matensitic transformation
c = a
C along the c-axis
obstructs the contraction
C
BCT
C
FCC Quench
%8.0
)('
%8.0
)( ag
10. MP Advanced metallic materials10
TTT Diagram including Martensite
Austenite-to-martensite is diffusionless and fast.
Amount of martensite depends on T only.
A: Austenite P: Pearlite
B: Bainite M: Martensite
11. MP Advanced metallic materials
Austenite
Austenite
Pearlite
Pearlite + Bainite
Bainite
Martensite
100
200
300
400
600
500
800
723
0.1 1 10 102 103 104
105
Eutectoid temperature
Not an isothermal
transformation
Ms
Mf
Coarse
Fine
t (s) →
T→
Time- Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Curves – Isothermal Transformation
Eutectoid steel (0.8%C)
12. MP Advanced metallic materials12
Tempered Martensite
Martensite is so brittle it needs to be modified for
practical applications. Done by heating to 250-650
oC for some time: (tempering)
tempered martensite, extremely fine-grained, well
dispersed cementite grains in a ferrite matrix.
Tempered martensite is more ductile
Mechanical properties depend upon
cementite particle size: fewer, larger
particles means less boundary area and
softer, more ductile material - eventual
limit is spheroidite.
Particle size increases with higher
tempering temperature and/or longer
time (more C diffusion).
13. MP Advanced metallic materials
Tempered martensite is less brittle than martensite; tempered at 594 °C.
Tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching.
The small particles are cementite; the matrix is a-ferrite. US Steel Corp.
Tempered Martensite
4340 steel
14. MP Advanced metallic materials
Hardness as a function of carbon
concentration for steels
15. MP Advanced metallic materials
Hardness versus tempering time for a water-quenched eutectoid plain carbon steel (1080) that
has been rapidly quenched to form martensite.
Rockwell C and Brinell Hardness
16. MP Advanced metallic materials
Other elements (Cr, Ni, Mo, Si and
W) may cause significant changes
in the positions and shapes of the
TTT curves:
Change transition temperature;
Shift the nose of the austenite-to-
pearlite transformation to longer
times;
Shift the pearlite and bainite noses
to longer times (decrease critical
cooling rate);
Form a separate bainite nose;
Effect of Adding
Other Elements
4340 Steel
plain
carbon
steel
nose
Plain carbon steel: primary
alloying element is carbon.
17. MP Advanced metallic materials
Effect of Alloying Elements
• Most alloying elements which enter into solid
solution in austenite lower the martensite start
temperature (Ms), with the exception of Co and Al.