Middle Ages, 2º eso, bilingual . Explicaciónj de la Edad Media y el principio y desarrollo del feudalismo, después de la caída del imperio de Carlo Magno

1. UNIT 2
CRISTINA DE ANDRÉS GARCÍA

2. 1.1. THE INVASIONS OF THE 9TH CENTURY
• 9th century: Fall of the Carolingian Empire
• Invasions:
• Vikings from Scandinavia (Britain, France and
Southern Italy)
• Normans in north-west France (descendents of the
Scandinavian.
• Hungarians from western Asia (Eastern Europe).
• Muslim (North Africa)
• SONG VIKINGS

3. • Kings were weak after the invasions
• They look for security on nobles and church leaders
(feudal lords)
• Feudal lords:
• They had their own castles
• They had Royal grants of land
• Peasants had to work for them
• New type of rural society: serfs

4. • Feudalism. Social, economic and
political system in Europe in the
9th century.
• A lord granted a fief to his vassals
in return for services and loyalty.
These people were called vassals.
• The lords paid homage to the
king.
• Nobles granted smaller fiefs to
the knights who became their
vassals.
LEGO: THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

5.  Powerful nobles (Lords, Barons, Earls) controlled a larger
area of land and protected the locals by employing vassals
and armies of knights and soldiers.
 A vassal - a noble who was given
land in return for supporting a
Lord.
 Vassals controlled a part of the
Lord’s land with a smaller force of
soldiers who would serve as part
of the Lord’s army if needed.
All nobles were vassals of the King.

6.  Almost all nobles were knights
 Training began at age 7, as a page,
under the guidance of the Lady of
the Manor
 Became squires at age 15 and were
trained by other knights
 Those deemed worthy were
“dubbed” knights
I dub thee Sir
Jayden of the
Broken Thumb

7.  There were two groups of peasant workers on a
feudal manor:
 Serfs (Peasants) – workers bound to the land by
contract with the nobles. They had no freedom -
they where the noble’s property.
 Freemen- skilled workers who paid rent and could
leave the manor whenever they wished. They
usually had a skill needed by others on the manor.

8. 1) Everyone owed loyalty to the ________
2) _______ were really the most powerful. They got
_______ from the king.
3) Lesser nobles (knights) gave _________ _________
in return for land
4) _______ were bound to the land. They worked in
return for ____________.
5) __________ were skilled workers. They paid rent to
the ______ and were free to move if they wanted to.
Let’s see how much you remember!

9. 1) Everyone owed loyalty to the king.
2) Nobles were really the most powerful. They got land
from the king.
3) Lesser nobles (knights) gave military service in
return for land.
4) Serfs were bound to the land. They worked in return
for protection.
5) Freemen were skilled workers. They paid rent to the
nobles and were free to move if they wanted to.

11.  Kings had little authority as their territories were
granted to feudal lords.
 Their income came from:
 Their own land.
 Taxes from towns.
 Feudal allegiances are not always followed. They
fought against each other.

13.  Feudal nobles were dedicated to warfare. Most knights
did not have much wealth.
The easiest way to become a knight was to be the son of a noble. At about age 7, the sons
were taken to a different castle to be trained as a page. They spent their time becoming
strong, riding horses and mastering the use of weapons. They learned how to read, write
and speak Latin and French. They also learned about dancing and the rules of chivalry
(the set of rules for honorable behavior).
At about age 16, the page became a squire whose duties were to work for a knight. He
dressed the knight, served his meal, tended his horse and cleaned his weapons. Squires
also practiced wearing heavy armor and using weapons. At about age 20, if the squire was
worthy, he was made a knight in a “dubbing” ceremony. In the ceremony, the knight-to-be
knelt before the lord of the manor. He was touched on each shoulder with a sword and
proclaimed a knight.

14.  Upper nobility owned large fiefs and lived in castles.
 Serfs and free peasants work for them. They have
hereditary titles: Duke, Marquess and Count.

15.  Religion was an important part in medieval times.
 Bishops came from noble families.

16.  They were the majority of the population. They lived
in harsh conditions. There were two categories:
 Free peasants. They could owned small plots of lands.
 Serfs. They were subject to their feudal lords.

17.  In wartime, the nobles helped the king by providing
military assistance. Kings created private armies with
their vassals.
 In peacetime they practised their military skills and
they fought against each other in tournaments.

18.  At the beginning castle
were made of wood.
 Later they were big
enough for the
inhabitantnts of the fief
to take refuge in it in
wartime.
 Castles were surrounded
by defensive walls and
ditches, called moats.
VIDEO MEDIEVAL CASTLES

19.  The role of women in medieval times was
to have children.
 Marriages were planned and often
arranged. The girl’s family had to provide
a dowry.
 Noblewomen were better educated than
their husbands; the learned social skills,
music, dancing, riding, to make clothes
and household managements.
 VIDEO: WOMEN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

20.  Economy was basically rural.
 There was a system to regulate the relations between lords and
peasants: manorial system (sistema señorial) or manorialism
(señorío):
 Demense (dominio) was the land and resources. Also the castle,
mills,wine and oil presses, woods and grazing land for livestock.
 Small plots of land for free peasants.
 Feudal lords:
 Administered justice
 Give permission to their serfs to get married.
 Received charges fom peasants for using the mill, oven and
presses.
 Received tolls or taxes for crossing their lands or bridges.

22.  Basic agricultural tools: scythes (guadañas) and
ploughs (arados)
 Two-year rotation: Half of the land grew crops;
basically cereals, and the other half fallow (barbecho)

23.  The Catholic Church: Catholicism was the only
recognised religion in Medieval Europe. The pope had
great influence and power:
 He could excommunicate (excomulgar)
 The church received the tithe (el diezmo)
 The Crusades: Military expeditions to take control of
the Holy Land from the Muslims.
 Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade in 1095 to
Jerusalem. There were several but Christian lost
Jerusalem in 1291.
 The organization of the Church
 The religious orders

24.  The organization of the Church
 The secular clergy: Members of the
Church. Archbishops and bishops
were the church leaders.
 The regular clergy: Members of
religious orders. They lived in
separete communities.
 The religious orders: There are
different orders.
 Orders: Saint Benedict (founded
in the 6th century), Cluny,
Cistercians and later Franciscans.
 Monks lived in monasteries. They
prayed and meditated. Also they
copied manuscripts.

25.  11th century in Europe. First international style since the end of
the Roman Empire.
 Influenced by Rome’s cultural heritage.
 Started in France, Italy and Spain.
 Purpose: religious. Symbolism was very important.
 Churches, Cathedrals and monasteries.
 Sculpture and paintings created to decorate buildings.
VIDEO: ROMANESQUE ART

26.  Semi-circular Roman arch.
 Stone and thick walls with few and small windows.
 Barrel vault and columns.
 Supporting buttresses.
The floor plan, nave and aerial view of St. Sernin at Toulouse

27.  Cross plan.
 Central nave of the
cathedral or church
was the long arm of
their cross shape. The
transept was the
shorter arm of the
cross.
 Semi-circular apse
opposite the façade
with a large portal.

28.  Sculptures decorated the façades, specially the
tympanum
 Capitals at the top of columns.
 Wooden carvings above the altars.
Judas Iscariot hangs himself, assisted by
devils, always a favourite subject of
carvers.
Capital in Autun Cathedral
Last Judgment Tympanum with Archivolts, Central Portal, West
Facade, Cathédrale St-Lazare, Autun

29.  Inside cathedrals, churches and monasteries.
 Bright colours. No perspective.
 Types of paintings:
 Mural paintings on the apse.
 Panels to decorate altars.
 Stained glass windows (although there are not many
examples)
 Miniatures to illustrate manuscripts.
Apse of Sant Climent de Taüll, a Catalan fresco by the
Master of Taüll, now in Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.
Tree of Jesse c. 1200 Stained glass window
Cathedral, Canterbury

30.  VOCABULARY
 SUMMARIES FOLDER
 EXERCISES
 PAGE º
 STUDY FOR THE EXAM AND … GOOD LUCK!
 EXAM UNIT 2 + MAP OF AMERICA: TUESDAY
OCTOBER 28TH
 BLACK DEATH: http://youtu.be/rZy6XilXDZQ