This document discusses the history and technology of tires. It begins with definitions of tires and their importance in vehicle performance. Tires originated as bands of leather and the first modern tire was invented in 1888. The document then covers tire terminology, types including summer, winter and all-season tires, tread patterns like ribbed and block shapes, markings that specify dimensions and limitations, composition of rubber compounds and fabrics, the manufacturing process, and modern innovations like run-flat tires.

1. Tire Technology
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Contents
Introduction
History of tires
Tire Terminology
Types of tires
Tire Patterns
Tire Markings
Tire Composition
Manufacturing of tires
Modern type Tires

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Introduction
What is Tire?
A tire is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers
the wheel's rim to protect it and enable better vehicle
performance
Tire’s contribution in automobiles is the most
important features of its performance

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History
The earliest tires were bands of leather
First tire was invented in 1888 John Boyd Dunlop
The Vulcanization of natural rubber which he patented in
1844 is credited to Charles Goodyear and Robert William
Thomson

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Tire Terminology
 Components of tires

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Tyre Types
According to the tread pattern design we classified tires
- into three types
1)Summer tires - They deliver excellent driving and
braking performance on wet and dry
roads

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Cont…
2)Winter tires – Specifically for the snow and ice covered
roads
3)All season tires – More complex tread pattern

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Cont…
Types of tires
A. Pneumatic: A flexible, hollow rubber tire
B. Retreads : Pneumatic tires which inspection
have been buffed down to remove
all elements of the tread
C. Semi Pneumatic Tires: Hollow tires which
are not pressurized
D. Solid: Manufactured from solid rubber
E. Cushion Tires: Similar in construction to a
solid tires

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Cont…
Further we can divide tires as
1.Street tires – Normal tires
2.Off road tires - Used in mud or dirt feature
3.Mountain bike tires – Similar to off-road tires

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Tire Patterns
Tread - The word tread is often used casually to
refer to the pattern of grooves molded into
the rubber
Tread Design
Groove:- The groove is the hollow part or the
tread
Pitch:- A small tread at the edge

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Cont…
Patterns of tires
Rib shape:- As the name implies the design of this pattern is
like a rib shape
Asymmetric pattern:- Asymmetric tyres haven a different tread
design on the inside to the outside

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Cont…
Block shape:- This type of pattern as the name suggests has
a block shape design
Zigzag shape:- This is a classic tread design for a van

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Cont…
Symmetric Tread Pattern:-A symmetric tread pattern has
continuous ribs across the entire tread
surface
Directional tread pattern:-Directional tyres are constructed to
perform only when they are mounted to
turn in the right direction

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Tire Markings
SIDEWALL MARKINGS
Most tires are described by an alphanumeric tire code
which is generally molded into the sidewall of the tire
This code specifies the dimensions of the tyres and
some of its key limitations , such as load bearing
ability, and maximum speed

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Tire Composition
They are made up of numerous different rubber compounds, many
different types of carbon black, fillers like clay and silica, and
chemicals & minerals added to allow or accelerate vulcanization
The tyres also have several types of
fabric for reinforcement and several
kinds and sizes of steel

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Manufacturing
Pneumatic tires are manufactured in about 450 tire factories around
the world
 Over one billion tires are manufactured annually, making the
tire industry a major consumer of natural rubber
The top five tire manufacturing companies by revenue
are Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear, Continental,
and Pirelli

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Modern Tyres
Proper vehicle safety requires specific attention to inflation
pressure, tread depth, and general condition of the tires
Run-flat tires have been the big news in recent years. These have
brought big safety benefits, as they let motorists carry on driving
even when the tire is punctured

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