The document summarizes the manufacturing process of solid tires at Camso Loadstar in Sri Lanka. It provides an overview of the company, which was established in 1984 as a joint venture to manufacture solid tires. It then describes the basic manufacturing process, which involves mixing and milling raw materials, component assembly, curing, and finishing. Key steps include inner heel building, heel rolling and bonding, molding, and curing. The document also lists the raw materials used and their country of origin, and discusses future requirements such as improved tire design and non-pneumatic tires.
This report is based on the activities performed during the internship at General Tyre And Rubber. Internship duration was 12 days and it provided practical knowledge of working in professional environment. This learning experience is described in detail in the various sections of this report
KKKM2833 Manufacturing Process of Tyre (Group Tyred)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Team's Member
1) Muhammad Aiman Haikal Bin Azlan (Slide Editor)
2) Ahmad Qayyum Hafiez Bin Ahmad Fisal (Slide Editor)
3) Muhammad Hadif Bin Nor Azli (Slide Editor & Video Editor)
4) Nurdiyana Ayunie Binti Mohammad Razak (Information & Data Collector)
5) Vighrama A/L Magesan ( Information & Data Collector)
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
This report is based on the activities performed during the internship at General Tyre And Rubber. Internship duration was 12 days and it provided practical knowledge of working in professional environment. This learning experience is described in detail in the various sections of this report
KKKM2833 Manufacturing Process of Tyre (Group Tyred)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Team's Member
1) Muhammad Aiman Haikal Bin Azlan (Slide Editor)
2) Ahmad Qayyum Hafiez Bin Ahmad Fisal (Slide Editor)
3) Muhammad Hadif Bin Nor Azli (Slide Editor & Video Editor)
4) Nurdiyana Ayunie Binti Mohammad Razak (Information & Data Collector)
5) Vighrama A/L Magesan ( Information & Data Collector)
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
The Classification of Rubber Calenders is based on (1) The Number of rolls, and (2) The Position or Orientation of the rolls. Here is a quick info-sheet to help you grasp the different rubber calenders quickly.
Blend
Up to 30 ingredients are used in your tyre’s rubber blend. The ingredient proportions will depend on what the performance goals of the tyre will be. It’s composed of several types of rubber, fillers and other ingredients, mixed in giant blenders known as Banbury mixers. These create a black gummy compound that’ll be sent on for
milling.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 2Mill
Once the rubber is cooled, it’s sent to a special mill where the rubber is cut into strips that will form the basic structure of your tyre. At the milling stage, other elements of the tyre are prepared, some of which are then coated in another type of rubber.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 3Build
The tyre itself is constructed, from the inside out. The textile elements, steel belts, beads, ply, tread, and other components are placed in a tyre-building machine that ensures every part is in its precise location. This results in what looks like a relatively finished product, known as a green tyre.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 4
Cure
The green tyre is then vulcanised with hot moulds in a curing press, compressing all of the parts of the tyre together and giving the tyre its final shape, including its tread pattern and manufacturer’s sidewall markings.
Choosing the right Rubber Calender is important; learning to operate it smartly is equally key for your success with this machine. This edition covers all these aspects in a descriptive manner.
Lafarge is a French industrial company specialising in four major products: cement, construction aggregates, concrete and gypsum wallboard. The company is the world's largest cement manufacturer.
Lafarge was founded in 1833 by Joseph-Auguste Pavin de Lafarge in Le Teil (Ardèche), to exploit the limestone quarry in Mont Saint-Victor between Le Teil and Viviers. The limestone is white and argillaceous, and yielded an eminently hydraulic lime.
In this special edition of Know Your Supplier’s cover story, we feature Bharaj Machineries Pvt. Ltd., a company that has been steadily building up their repute with global approach and right technology.
Moulds For Tyre Industries,Rubber Machine Mould Manufacturerjeykaveda
Welcome to S.R. Engineering,We are Manufacturers & Exports of Conveyor Manufacturer,Material Handling Equipment ,Re-conditioning & Refurbishment,Rubber Processing Machine,Mould For Tyre
Rubber extruders have a varied field of application. So, when you come across a rubber profile, strip, hose, cable, wire, cord coating, tire tread, v-belt, tube, or blank remember that they are only a few handful of products manufactured using extrusion process. In this Knowledge On-The-Go Special Supplement, we bring to you a ‘collector’s edition’ on Extruders and Extrusion incorporating the fundamentals.
A ready-reference-sheet of selection criteria to consult with the mixing mill supplier and have an intelligent discussion with your machinery salesman.
The Classification of Rubber Calenders is based on (1) The Number of rolls, and (2) The Position or Orientation of the rolls. Here is a quick info-sheet to help you grasp the different rubber calenders quickly.
Blend
Up to 30 ingredients are used in your tyre’s rubber blend. The ingredient proportions will depend on what the performance goals of the tyre will be. It’s composed of several types of rubber, fillers and other ingredients, mixed in giant blenders known as Banbury mixers. These create a black gummy compound that’ll be sent on for
milling.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 2Mill
Once the rubber is cooled, it’s sent to a special mill where the rubber is cut into strips that will form the basic structure of your tyre. At the milling stage, other elements of the tyre are prepared, some of which are then coated in another type of rubber.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 3Build
The tyre itself is constructed, from the inside out. The textile elements, steel belts, beads, ply, tread, and other components are placed in a tyre-building machine that ensures every part is in its precise location. This results in what looks like a relatively finished product, known as a green tyre.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 4
Cure
The green tyre is then vulcanised with hot moulds in a curing press, compressing all of the parts of the tyre together and giving the tyre its final shape, including its tread pattern and manufacturer’s sidewall markings.
Choosing the right Rubber Calender is important; learning to operate it smartly is equally key for your success with this machine. This edition covers all these aspects in a descriptive manner.
Lafarge is a French industrial company specialising in four major products: cement, construction aggregates, concrete and gypsum wallboard. The company is the world's largest cement manufacturer.
Lafarge was founded in 1833 by Joseph-Auguste Pavin de Lafarge in Le Teil (Ardèche), to exploit the limestone quarry in Mont Saint-Victor between Le Teil and Viviers. The limestone is white and argillaceous, and yielded an eminently hydraulic lime.
In this special edition of Know Your Supplier’s cover story, we feature Bharaj Machineries Pvt. Ltd., a company that has been steadily building up their repute with global approach and right technology.
Moulds For Tyre Industries,Rubber Machine Mould Manufacturerjeykaveda
Welcome to S.R. Engineering,We are Manufacturers & Exports of Conveyor Manufacturer,Material Handling Equipment ,Re-conditioning & Refurbishment,Rubber Processing Machine,Mould For Tyre
Rubber extruders have a varied field of application. So, when you come across a rubber profile, strip, hose, cable, wire, cord coating, tire tread, v-belt, tube, or blank remember that they are only a few handful of products manufactured using extrusion process. In this Knowledge On-The-Go Special Supplement, we bring to you a ‘collector’s edition’ on Extruders and Extrusion incorporating the fundamentals.
A ready-reference-sheet of selection criteria to consult with the mixing mill supplier and have an intelligent discussion with your machinery salesman.
It is a question of regional usage but according to The Grammarist tire is used mainly in the US and Canada: Tire and tire both mean a covering for a wheel, usually made of rubber. The tire is the preferred spelling in the U.S. and Canada. carbon black is essential in tires, as it is not only a reinforcement filler (through the grafting of numerous elastomer at its surface) but as Joseph said it is a very efficient opacifier, thus limiting the UV photodegradation to an extremely thin outer surface.
The presentation discuss about rolling resistance, Various parameters and factors affecting rolling resistance. Then compares different types of Tyres, and type of road surfaces and their effect on rolling resistance.
a) Identify a financial objective of the selected entity (e.g. Investment, Buying a land or vehicle, Start a project or course etc.)
b) Take necessary nominal and compound rates (lending rates, saving rates etc.)
c) Evaluate modes of financing (e.g. Bank loans, Savings etc.)
d) Use compound interest and annuities to evaluate modes of financing.
Following Details,
1) Different cost management strategies - Target costing, Kaizen costing, life cycle costing
2. Activity based management
3. Balance scorecard and its significance as a performance measurement techniques
4. Performance measures for decentralized unit
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. Company Profile
• In 1984, Pierre Pringiers and Philippe Danneels
found Solideal and a Belgian company has
expanded their business operations by
venturing into international market.
• In year 1984, the company named Loadstar, as
a joint venture with Solideal and Jinasena
Group, was commenced to manufacture solid
tyres in Sri Lanka. At present, Loadstar is one of
the world’s largest manufacturers of solid
rubber tyres.
4. • The company manufactures exclusively for
Solideal, one of the world’s leading industrial
tyre distributors, which has a 20-25% share of
the industrial solid rubber tyre market and
operates within a network spanning 90
countries.
• In addition to solid tyres, Loadstar
manufactures pneumatic tyres, rims and
rubber tracks and supplies about 90% of
Solideals product requirement.
6. • Casmo has more than 7,500 dedicated employees
spread over 26 countries around the world, with
close to 200 people working in R&D, including a
dedicated “advanced technology” group. They
operate 3 advanced R&D centres and have 22
manufacturing plants in 10 countries through North
and South America, Europe and Asia.
7. Raw Material Used qty Country of Origins
Natural Rubber 1000 MT Sri Lanka
Carbon Black 500 MT China, India, Thailand
Metal 60 MT India
Textile 50 MT China, Hong Kong
Zinc Oxide 40 MT China
Sulphar 20 MT China
Additives 10 MT Singapore
Synthetic Rubber 5MT USA
Supply Chain & Raw Material Used
8. Global Distribution
To be closer to their customers, they are present in
more than 100 countries, including 20 where they
have own footprint.
12. A tyre is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a
vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide
traction on the surface traveled over.
From the Beginning to Now
Tyre
13. Mainly tires can be divided into main 02 categories
Pneumatic Tires
Solid Tires
Tires
Press On Tire
Resilient Tire
Cured On Tire
Radial Tire
Bias Tires
Industrial Tires
Passenger Vehicle
Tires
Industrial Tires
Tyre
14. Resilient Press On Cured On
Solid Tyres
A tyre is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a
vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide
traction on the surface traveled over.
16. Features
• Reduce the down time period due to
absolute puncture resistance.
• Less maintenance cost and high durability.
• Stability to control highest speeding of the
vehicles due to reduce nature of tyre
heating.
• Less maintenance cost & other charges of
the vehicles due to less vibrations and
shocks.
• Low percentage of cost / hour.
17. Usage of Resilient Tyres
•Forklifts
•Ground Support Equipment
•Port Trailers
•Industrial Trailers
•Access / Warehouse Equipment
•Platform Trucks
•Reach Stackers
•Empty Container Handlers
•Other Material Handling applications
19. 1 Layer 2 Layer
Steel Band
Tread Layer
Steel Band
Tread Layer
Middle Layer
Press On Tyres
20. Features
• Reduce the down time period
due to absolute puncture
resistance.
• High Stability in better vehicle
control by the operator.
• Low rolling resistance.
• Low percentage of cost / hour.
21. Usage of Press On Tyres
• Forklifts
• Ground Support Equipment
• Access / Warehouse Equipment
• Platform Trucks
• Reach Stackers
• Empty Container Handlers
• Other Material Handling applications
24. Features
• Low Operating cost due to non
mounting process required
• Less maintenance cost and high
durability.
• Stability to control highest speeding of
the vehicles due to reduce nature of tyre
heating.
• Less maintenance cost & other charges of
the vehicles due to less vibrations and
shocks.
25. Usage of Press On Tyres
• Scissor Lifts
• Articulating Booms
• Telescopic Booms
• Light weight self propelled Booms
• Vertical Masts
• Push arounds
• Trailer Mounted Booms
• Other Arial Work Platforms
26. • Compounding and Banbury mixing
• Milling
• Extruding and Calendering
• Component Assembly and Building
• Curing and Vulcanizing
• Inspection and Finishing
Basic Tyre Manufacturing Process
27.
28. Inner Heel
Building
Heel Rolling Bonding
Soft Rolling
Molding Tread Rolling
Curing
Finishing
Manufacturing Process of Resilient Tyres
29. Camso 2015 29
Process Flow Chart - Resilient Tyre
Manufacturing Process
245 s245 s
275 s275 s
130 s130 s
127 s127 s 200 s200 s
207 s207 s
115 s115 s
195 s195 s 95 s95 s
120 s120 s
160 s160 s
85 s85 s
Traceability
flow chart
Traceability
flow chart
30.
31. Inner Heel Building
• Roll I.H. Compound on
Collapsible core
• Insert Bead
• Expand Collapsible Core
• Tree types of beads are used
1. Cable Beads
2. Bead Grommet
3. Steel Rods
•Spaces between Beads
should be equal.
•No of compound rolling should be
according to the specification
32. Heel Rolling & Bonding
Inner heel is transferred
to a expandable core
To obtain good bonding
Between Heel and
Middle(Soft)
An overlap should be applied
• Trapped air should be
removed using a wrinkle
Bonding
layer
Overlap
33. Soft Rolling & Tread Rolling
•Only for 3L tires
Characteristics of Soft
Compound
•Ability to absorb
pressure
•Ability to rebound
Characteristics of Tread
Compound
•Withstand tearing
•Withstand cracking
•Endure high temperature
•Survive in rough climatic
conditions
•Resist oils, grease etc.
34. Molding & Curing
•Cured tire should be
de-molded on correct
time
•Green tire should be
centered on mold
•bumping should be applied
•Clamps should be tied
properly
35. Tyre trimming and Final inspection
• After the tyre de-moulding skilled operators trim extra
flash of the tyre and identify visual defects and if tyre is ok
send FQC and if not ok send to the re work area.
• Inspection is to be done as some irregularities are
generated on and around the tyre after the curing process.
• It is done manually by some skilled workers.
• It includes 3 types of inspection
1. Visual
2. Hardness
3. Ultra Sonic (US)
• After the inspection details enter the
SAP system for the traceability.
36. Future Requirements
• Constant improvements in rubber chemistry and tire
design are creating exciting new tires that offer
greater mileage and improved performance in
extreme weather conditions. Manufacturers now
offer tires estimated to last up to 80,000 miles.
• Treads, designed and tested by computer, now
feature unique asymmetrical bands for improved
traction and safety on wet or snowy roads.
37. • Tire design engineers are also experimenting
with non-pneumatic tires that can never go
flat because they don't contain air under
pressure. One such non-pneumatic tire is
simply one slab of thick plastic attached to the
wheel rim. The plastic curves out from the rim
to a point where a rubber tread is secured to
the plastic for contact with the road. Such a
tire offers lower rolling resistance for greater
fuel economy and superior handling because
of a greater area of contact between tread
and road.
38. Productivity Performance
•Extremely shorter Mixing &
Curing cycles that will lead to
lowest Over Head.
•Faster Filler incorporation
•(Functionalized
Polymer/Filler)
•Faster Curing
•(Thermal Conductivity)
•No failures even under
severe/continuous
applications.
- Thermal explosions
- Chunking/Chipping
•Low HBU
•Longer Life
•Good Thermal
•Properties
(Hot Tear Resistance )