This document provides an overview of tires, including their history, terminology, types, composition, markings, manufacturing process, and safety. It details how tires evolved from bands of leather to the pneumatic tires invented by John Dunlop in 1888. The document categorizes tires based on tread pattern, use, and whether they contain inner tubes. It also outlines the key components of tires, the manufacturing steps, and important aspects for drivers to check to ensure tire safety.

1. A
PRESENTATION
ON
TYRES
By
Naik Atharva Sharad
SY (MECH) B.TECH
Roll No : 24
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MGM’S College of Engineering
Near Airport, Nanded- 431605, India

2. Contents
2
 Introduction
 History
 Terminology
 Types
 Composition
 Markings
 Manufacturing
 Safety
 Conclusion

3. Introduction
3
 A tyre is a ring-shaped vehicle component that
covers wheel’s rim to protect it and enable better
vehicle performance.
 Tyre’s contribution in automobiles is the most
important features of its performance.
 NOTE: The words Tire and Tyre both mean a
covering for a wheel, usually made of rubber. Tire
is the preferred spelling in the U.S. while Tyre is
in British English.

4. History
4
 The earliest tyre were bands of leather.
 Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber in
1844, from then on it is used for making tyres.
 In 1888, John Dunlop invented the air-filled or
pneumatic tyres, for bicycles.
 In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful
Tube tyre, which was a combination of tyre and air
filled inner tube.
 In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life
tires by adding carbon to the rubber.
 Since from 1955 tubeless tires became standard
equipment in new cars.

5. Tyre terminology
5

6. Types of tyres
6
 According to tread pattern design we classified
tyres in 3 types:-
 1] Summer tyres : They deliver excellent driving
and breaking performanace on wet and dry
roads.

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 2] winter tyres : These tyres are specially used
for the snow and ice cover roads.

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 3] All season tyres : More complex tread
pattern.

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 Again tyres are classified into following types:-
 A. Pneumatic : A flexiable ,hollow rubber tyre
 B. Retreads : Pneumatic tyres which
inspection have been buffed down to remove all
elements of the tread.
 C. Semi Pneumatic Tyre : Hollow tyres which
are not pressured.

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 D. Solid: Manufactured from solid rubber.
 E. Cushion Tyre: Similar in construction to solid
tyres.

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 Further we can divide tyre as
1. Street tyres – Normal tyres
2. Off road tyres – Used in mud or dirt
3. Mountain bike tyres – Similar to off-road
Normal
tyres
Off road
tyres

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 Again tyres classified are into :-
 Conventional tube tyres
 Tubeless tyres

13. TUBE TYRE
The tube tyres are the tyres which have a separate inner tube placed
inside them. If tube tyre is punctured then you are not able to drive the
vehicle.
TUBELESS TYRE
The tubeless tires are the tyres which don’t have a tube inside them. The
tubeless tyre doesn’t mean it won’t work with a tube, it just means it
doesn’t have a tube. If the tubeless tyre get punctured, then the tyre
never goes suddenly flat and it will still run upto a specific distance.
13

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15. TUBETYRE TUBELESSTYRE
A tube inside a tire would simply collapse in
case of puncture and the air in the tyre
goes out in no time.
Tubeless tyre retains air pressure and
helps avoid sudden air loss in the case of a
puncture.
Fuel Efficiency
Tube tyres are not so fuel efficient when
compared to tubeless tyres.
Tubeless tyres are more fuel efficient.
Weight
Tube tyres weigh more because of the tube
placed inside them.
Tubeless tyres are light weight because of
no tube inside the tyre.
In case of puncture
The tube in the tube tyres will explode
suddenly in case of puncture causing loss
of control of the vehicle which may result in
accidents.
Tubeless tyres make driving safe and easy
and there is no loss of control of the vehicle
in case of puncture.
Repair Process
The puncture repairing process of tube tyre
involves a complicated process of removing
the tyre from the vehicle and removing tube
from the tyre, etc.
The puncture repairing process of a
tubeless tyre can be done without removing
the tyre and is very simple compared to a
tubed tyre.
Cost of Tyre
The tube tyres are of less cost and are
available in every size for every vehicle.
The tubeless tyres are costly and are not
available for all types of vehicles.15

16. Tyre composition
16
 Tyres are made up of numerous different rubber
compounds, many different types of carbon black,
fillers like clay and silica and chemicals and
minerals added to allow or accelerate
vulcanization.
 The tyres also have several types of fabric for
reinforcement and several kinds and sizes of
steel.

17. carbon
black
28%
synthetic
polymer
27%
natural
rubber
14%
other
3%
steel wire
10%
other
petrochemic
al
4%
fabric
4%
oil
10%
Tyre composition
17

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A. Tyre width
The width of your tyre, in millimetres, measured from sidewall to sidewall.
B. Aspect ratio
This is the ratio of the tyre’s cross-section to its width,
expressed as a percentage.
An aspect ratio of 55, for example,
indicates that the tyre’s height is 55% of its width.
C. Wheel diameter
The diameter (height) of the wheel in inches.
D. Load index
Your tyre’s load index relates to its maximum carrying capacity (in kg).
You’ll find the load rating of your tyre on the sidewall,
just to the right of the diameter.
For example, a tyre with a load index of 91 can carry 615kg of weight.
E. Speed rating
The speed rating is the maximum speed for a tyre when it is correctly inflated and
being used under load. The speed rating is the letter after the load index number. A
tyre with a speed rating of V, for example, has a maximum speed of 240km/h.

19. Manufacturing
19
BLENDING MILLING
EXTRUDING
OR
CALENDERING
COMPONENT
ASSEMBLY
CURING
FINISHING/
INSPECTION
Production Flow Chart

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1. Blending (mixing)
• In this process the natural and synthetic
rubber is blended with some specific
chemicals to get the rubber in the used form.
• Specific amount of carbon is added at the
initiation of this process.

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2. Milling
• In this process the shaping of rubber takes
place as the rubber sheet comes out from
mixer is not that perfect.
• This process takes place more than 2 to 3
times for the same rubber lot , just to ensure
the regularity of rubber sheet.

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3. Extruding / Calendering
• It is very important process as it converts the thick
and heavy rubber sheets into thin rubber sheets.
• Many of the tyre components are made by this
process such as treads, inner linear etc.
• Calendering is the process similar to sandwitching,
as it sndwitch or calender the thin and sharp steel
wires between the two thin layers of rubber sheet.

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4. Component assembly
• In this stage all tyre component are assembled
together by assembly
machine.
5. Curing
• This is the process where tyre is cured in a Dom
shape machine
having mould in its inside part at both upper and
lower end.
• The tyre mounted on bladder which is inside the
Dom and then
the both ends of it are closed and tyre is cured in the
pressure of

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6. Finishing / Inspection
• Finishing is to be done as some irregularities are generated on
and around the tyre after the curing process.
• It is done manually by skilled workers .
• Inspection is the last stage or process of tyre manufacturing w
is very impoetant
regarding tyre’s quality.
It includes 3 types of inspection :-
a. Manual inspection
b. Weight balancing
c. X-ray inspection

25. Safety
25
 Tire failure can cause your vehicle to go out of control
and can result in a car accident with injuries . The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
estimates that 2% of all vehicle crashes are caused
by the vehicle itself, and of these, 35% are related to
tire problems.
 What should I check?
1. Check over all condition of tyres, including inner
and outer sidewalls.
2. Check tyre tread depth. (legal limit 1.6mm)
3. Check all tyre pressures.
4. Check signs of irregular wear.
5. Check and examine the spare tyre.

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Conclusion :
References :
•Internet
•Rearch papers published by NHTSA
•Magazine
No improvements are made
in TYRE’S nowadays.
Manufactures have started to focus
making airless TYRE’S.
Challenge is to make it more
feasible and economical.
When done , Airless TYRE’S are
the future TYRE’S.

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