This document provides information about tyres and tubes for students. It discusses the construction of tyres, including treads, patterns, markings and ratings. It also covers the latest trends like run-flat and airless tyres. The document recommends safety measures for tyres such as checking for proper inflation and balancing to prevent hydroplaning. It concludes with reinforcing the importance of tyre safety and maintenance.

2. SPONSOR DS IP
TYRES AND TUBES

3. I RODUCT I O N
TN

4. 4
AIM
To teach student offrs about the construction
of tyres and tubes

5. SEQ
STAGE 1
TYRE CONST
TREAD PATTERNS, TYPES OF TYRE AND TUBES
TYRE MARKING
LOADING INDEX AND SPEED RATING
5

6. 6
STAGE 2
LATEST TRENDS
SAFETY MEASURES
RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCL
SEQ

7. TYRE BASICS
 A tyre is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a
wh rim to protect it and enable better veh
performance by providing a flexible cushion that
absorbs shock while keeping the wh in close
contact with the gr.
 The fundamental materials of modern tires are
synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire
 They consist of a tread and a body. The tread
provides traction while the body ensures sp
7

8. TYRE CONST
8

9. TYRE CONST
10
SIPES
Small, slit-like grooves
in the tread blocks that
allow the blocks to flex.
This added flexibility
increases traction by
creating an additional
biting edge. Sipes are
especially helpful on
ice, light snow and
loose dirt
GROOVES
Create voids for
better water
channeling on wet
road surfaces.
Grooves are the
most efficient way
of channeling water
from in front of the
tyres to behind it.
BLOCKS
Segments that
make up the
majority of a
tyre's tread.
RIBS
Straight-lined row
of blocks that
create a
circumferential
contact "band."
DIMPLES
These are the
indentations in the
tread, normally
towards the outer
edge of the tyre
SHOULDERS
Provide continuous
contact with the
road while
maneuvering. The
shoulders wrap
slightly over the
inner and outer
sidewall of a tyre.

10. TYRE CONST
11

11. 13
TREAD PATTERNS
Rib Shape
Asymmetric Pattern
Block Shape
Zig Zag Shape
V Shape

12. TREAD PATTERNS
NON-DIRECTIONAL
MUD AND SNOW
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
14
Groove
The groove is the hollow part or
the tread.
The grooves are cut which makes
the tyre pattern. The hollow part
(the groove) is designed to
channel the water out and away.
When tread wears the groove
becomes less hollow and
apparent.
Design of the groove effects the
performance and the quality of the
tyre.
Pitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The funPitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The fun
Pitch
 The pitch/cuff is the small
tread at the edge of both
sides of the tyre
 The func of the pitch is to
enhance the performance by
providing better steering and
stability
 The pitch is mostly visible on
winter tyres, and it func to
byte the rd and grip the ice

13. NON-DIRECTIONAL
MUD AND SNOW
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
15
Rib Shape
 The design is like a rib
shape with the grooves
running from the cen to the
edges like a rib pattern
 This pattern aids faster
water drainage and hence
gives good traction on wet
rds
 It is commonly found and
suitable for all car types.
 The disadv of this type of
design is that it is rotational
pattern
TREAD PATTERNS

14. NON-DIRECTIONAL
MUD AND SNOW
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
16
Assymetric Pattern
 It has a diff design on the
inside to the outside. It
looks like two different
tyres joined in the middle.
 The sides differ in pattern
to give diff functionality
 The inside offers better
cornering traction while
the outside is designed to
channel water away.
TREAD PATTERNS

15. 18
Block Shape
 This pattern has a block
shape design
 The grooves are very small
the tread pattern is very
tight and close
 The advances in tread
design have seen this tyre
less in use
 It was very common on
passenger cars up till the
90’s. Today it is mostly
seen on winter and all
season type tyres.
TREAD PATTERNS

16. 19
Zig Zag Shape
 It’s a classic tread design
for passenger vehs.
 Today most van tyres are
still using this zigzag
design
 Success of this design in
commercial use is because
of the grooves that are cut
in a zigzag gives the tyre
low rolling resistance, low
heat generation ideal for
the long journeys
TREAD PATTERNS

17. 20
V type pattern
 The tread pattern ensures
that they grip well to the rd
remaining as rigid as
possible at all times
TREAD PATTERNS

18. NON-DIRECTIONAL
MUD AND SNOW
CROSS CTY ROCK SVC
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
21
TREAD PATTERNS

19. 22
Radial tyres
Bias Tyres
Performance tyres
All round tyres
Wet-weather tyres
Winter or snow tyres
All terrain tyres
TYPES OF TYRES
Truck or Van tyres
Combat tyres
Passenger tyres
Rock svc tyres
Earthmover tyres
Grader tyres

20. RADIAL AND BIAS TYRES
23
 A Radial-ply tire is a
particular design of veh
tyre
 In this design, the cord
plies are arr at 90 deg to
the dir of travel, or r
adially (from the centre
of the tire)
 Series of plies of cord
reinforces a tire.
 The radial cords in the
sidewall allow it to act
like a spring, giving
flexibility and ride
comfort.

21. CROSS-PLY TYRE
25

22. TYPE OF TYRES
26
Performance tyres
Performance tyres are designed for grip and
driving performance rather than longevity,
and use softer rubber compounds.
The tread pattern utilised in performance
tyres will often utilise an asymmetric pattern,
as the outside tread pattern is designed to
channel water away and the inside pattern
offers better handling. Performance tyres are
often wider than the normal tyre and are often
used on larger rim size wheels.

23. TYPE OF TYRES
27
All-Round tyres
All round tyres are found on most cars and
are designed to handle most of the weather
and road conditions that motorists will
encounter except for the extremes such as
snow, ice, mud and dirt
Wet-Weather tyres
Wet weather tyres are especially designed for
driving in wet conditions. Tread pattern is
deep and designed to spill water away from
the tyre. The rubber compound is even softer
than performance tyres and is designed to
heat up quickly and provide more grip on the
road

24. TYPE OF TYRES
28
Snow tyres
Snow tyres are designed for roads with
regular snow and ice. The tread pattern is
much larger than normal tyres and as a result
is much noisier. Snow tyres should only be
used in snow and ice conditions as the tyres
wear quickly on dry roads and damage the
road surface.

25. TYPE OF TYRES
29
All-terrain tyres
All terrain tyres are used on 4WD vehicles. Designed for
handling a wide range of on-road and off-road conditions.
They have stiffer sidewalls and large tread patterns. All
terrain tyres fall into two main groups
– soft off-road and off-road tyres.
Soft off road tyres are designed primarily to be used on
sealed roads, with the tread patterns resembling normal
car tyres. They are engineered to be quieter on sealed
roads but are able to handle some off-road conditions like
gravel, dirt and sand.
Off-road tyres are designed to handle unsealed roads and
off-the-beaten track envmts.Off-road tyes are noisy and
wear more quickly on dry, sealed roads.

26. TYPE OF TYRES
30
Truck or Van tyres
Tyres used in commercial vehicles will often
employ a classic zig zag pattern and are
designed to offer low rolling resistance and
low heat generation, which makes them ideal
for the long distances that commercial vans
and trucks travel. The disadvantages of the
zig zag pattern include poor cornering and a
lack of grip in wet conditions

27. TYPE OF TYRES
31
Earth Mover Tyres
Rock Svc Tyres
Truck Tyres (4x4 Vehs)
Solid Tyres
Earthmover TyresGrader TyresCOMBAT

28. 32
TYPES OF TUBES
STANDARD TUBE
COMBAT TUBE
BULLET RESISTING TUBE.

29. TYRE MARKINGS
33
Manufacturers or
brand name, and
commercial name or
identity
Req pressure
marking
Type of Tyre
construction
Tyre size , Construction
and Speed rating
designations.
Cty of Mfr
ECE (not EEC)
Mud and Snow Tyre

30. 35
LI KG
50 190
51 195
52 200
53 206
54 212
55 218
56 224
57 230
58 236
59 243
60 250
61 257
62 265
63 272
64 280
65 290
66 300
67 307
68 315
69 325
LI KG
70 335
71 345
72 355
73 365
74 375
75 387
76 400
77 412
78 425
79 437
80 450
81 462
82 475
83 487
84 500
85 515
86 530
87 545
88 560
89 580
LI KG
150 3350
151 3450
152 3550
153 3650
154 3750
155 3875
156 4000
157 4125
158 4250
159 4375
160 4500
161 4625
162 4750
163 4875
164 5000
165 5150
166 5300
167 5450
168 5600
169 5800
TYRE SIZE – LOAD INDEX

31. 36
STAGE 2

32. LATEST TRENDS
37
RUN FLAT TYRES
These tyres contain an extra lining within the tire
that self-seals in the event of a small hole due to
a nail or screw. In this way, the loss of air is
prevented from the outset such that the tire is
either permanently self-repairing or at least loses
air very slowly.
EXTRA
LINING

33. LATEST TRENDS
38
Airless Tyres
These tyres are not sp by air pressure and are
used on cbt vehs/ Hy eqpt vehs
Airless tyres have higher rolling resistance and
provide much less suspension
Airless tyres are often filled with compressed
polymers (plastic) , rather than air

34. LATEST TRENDS
39
Retread Tyres
Retreads are basically old recycled tyres
A retread is basically a new lease of rubber put
on an old tyre without changing the cords or
infrastructure
Retreads are more commonly found on off road
4x4 sizes and truck sizes

35. SAFETY MEASURES
40
Hydroplaning / Aquaplaning
When driving in the rain or over
standing water and you temporarily
feel the vehicle is no longer in
control.This is a result of
hydroplaning
Hydroplaning is caused by a
combination of factors which
include the speed the tyre is
traveling how much tread is
remaining on the tyre, pressure and
also depth of the water. When the
tyre travels over the water it creates
a blocking point similar to a wave
albeit very small this causes the tyre
to temporarily float on the water
hence loosing contact with the road.
This is hydroplaning, to lose traction
and glide or hydroplane across the
water

36. SAFETY MEASURES
41
Wheel Balancing
Steering vibrations is a consequence of Veh’s
tyres not being balanced
In most cases if you feel the vibration and
shaking on the steering then it’s your front wheels
that need balancing and for those that feel it on
their rear then it’s the rear wheels that need
balancing
If the wheels are not balanced, driving can
be very annoying and this imbalance has a
knock on effect on other components
including suspension and tyres

37. SAFETY MEASURES
43
Wheel Alignment
Wheel alignment refers to the
procedure of lining up the
components of steering
including the camber, caster
and toe. Wheels that are not
aligned properly can wear out
tyres a lot quicker and along
with steering and handling
issues it can also damage the
suspension system of veh

38. SAFETY MEASURES
44
Tyre Rotation
Tyre wear varies depending on where
it is fitted. If a car is front wheel drive
then the fronts will wear out a lot
quicker than the rear ones, the rear
tyres can do twice as many miles to
the front. If the car is rear wheel drive,
then the rears whs will wear a little
faster although there isn't a lot of
difference from front to back with these
cars.Most commonly it is suggested
you make the switch every 2000 to
3000 miles.
Be aware that some cars have a
different front size to the rear, in this
case no switch around can be made

39. SAFETY MEASURES
45
Effects of tyre pressure

40. RECOMMENDATIONS
46
Summer tyres are ideal and are basically the
best type for Sindh/Bln and Northern region
weather conditions and roads. They deliver
excellent driving and braking performance on
wet (rainy) and dry roads. In all the seasons
spring, summer, autumn and above freezing
winter conditions. The tread pattern ensures
that they grip well to the road remaining as rigid
as possible at all times
Winter tyres have a fine block design with
grooves that are deep and wide some also come
with spikes, the rubber compound is perfect for
low temperatures so when temperatures are
below freezing they provide good friction
characteristics. Suitable for extreme weathers
The tread pattern is more complex, they have
more sips, the tread bites the surface to give
grip in freezing conditions
All season tread designs provide good
traction and stability but also have good
tread wear

41. CONCL
47
CONCL
Dir Stability
Steering Precisions
RIDE
COMFORT
Wet Braking
Aqua planing
Rolling Resistance
Service
Life
Tyre Weight

42. 48
THANKYOU

43. 49