Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
KKKM2833 Manufacturing Process of Tyre (Group Tyred)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Team's Member
1) Muhammad Aiman Haikal Bin Azlan (Slide Editor)
2) Ahmad Qayyum Hafiez Bin Ahmad Fisal (Slide Editor)
3) Muhammad Hadif Bin Nor Azli (Slide Editor & Video Editor)
4) Nurdiyana Ayunie Binti Mohammad Razak (Information & Data Collector)
5) Vighrama A/L Magesan ( Information & Data Collector)
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Blend
Up to 30 ingredients are used in your tyre’s rubber blend. The ingredient proportions will depend on what the performance goals of the tyre will be. It’s composed of several types of rubber, fillers and other ingredients, mixed in giant blenders known as Banbury mixers. These create a black gummy compound that’ll be sent on for
milling.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 2Mill
Once the rubber is cooled, it’s sent to a special mill where the rubber is cut into strips that will form the basic structure of your tyre. At the milling stage, other elements of the tyre are prepared, some of which are then coated in another type of rubber.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 3Build
The tyre itself is constructed, from the inside out. The textile elements, steel belts, beads, ply, tread, and other components are placed in a tyre-building machine that ensures every part is in its precise location. This results in what looks like a relatively finished product, known as a green tyre.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 4
Cure
The green tyre is then vulcanised with hot moulds in a curing press, compressing all of the parts of the tyre together and giving the tyre its final shape, including its tread pattern and manufacturer’s sidewall markings.
To analyze the influence of tire properties on the dynamic behavior of vehicles, the engineer requires an accurate description of the tire-road contact phenomena
KKKM2833 Manufacturing Process of Tyre (Group Tyred)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Team's Member
1) Muhammad Aiman Haikal Bin Azlan (Slide Editor)
2) Ahmad Qayyum Hafiez Bin Ahmad Fisal (Slide Editor)
3) Muhammad Hadif Bin Nor Azli (Slide Editor & Video Editor)
4) Nurdiyana Ayunie Binti Mohammad Razak (Information & Data Collector)
5) Vighrama A/L Magesan ( Information & Data Collector)
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Blend
Up to 30 ingredients are used in your tyre’s rubber blend. The ingredient proportions will depend on what the performance goals of the tyre will be. It’s composed of several types of rubber, fillers and other ingredients, mixed in giant blenders known as Banbury mixers. These create a black gummy compound that’ll be sent on for
milling.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 2Mill
Once the rubber is cooled, it’s sent to a special mill where the rubber is cut into strips that will form the basic structure of your tyre. At the milling stage, other elements of the tyre are prepared, some of which are then coated in another type of rubber.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 3Build
The tyre itself is constructed, from the inside out. The textile elements, steel belts, beads, ply, tread, and other components are placed in a tyre-building machine that ensures every part is in its precise location. This results in what looks like a relatively finished product, known as a green tyre.
The Process of Making a Tyre - Banner 4
Cure
The green tyre is then vulcanised with hot moulds in a curing press, compressing all of the parts of the tyre together and giving the tyre its final shape, including its tread pattern and manufacturer’s sidewall markings.
To analyze the influence of tire properties on the dynamic behavior of vehicles, the engineer requires an accurate description of the tire-road contact phenomena
The wheel assembly consists of the hub, disc or spokes, rim, tyre & tube.Wheels is the important part of the vehicle. The vehicle can’t move on the road without wheels. “ The wheels are legs of the vehicle carry it to far off distance. The support of the whole weight of the vehicle & convert rotary motion into longitudinal one".
The presentation discuss about rolling resistance, Various parameters and factors affecting rolling resistance. Then compares different types of Tyres, and type of road surfaces and their effect on rolling resistance.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
3. Definition
A tire is a ring-shaped vehicle component that
covers the wheel's rim to protect it and enable better
vehicle performance.
4. Parts of tyre
Beads:
Two rings that are made of steel wire and encased in rubber. They hold tire
side walls snugly against the rim and prevent tyre from coming off body.
Plies:
Rubberized fabric and cords wrapped around beads. Form carcass or body
of the tyre.
Tread:
Outer surface of the tyre that comes in contact with the road.
5. Sidewall:
Outer part of the tyre that extends from the bead to the tread. Marking on
the sidewall provides the information about the tyre.
Liner:
Thin layer of rubber that is bonded to the inside of the plies. Provides a leak
proof membrane for tubeless tires.
Belts:
Used to strengthen the body plies and stiffen the tread. Lie between tread
and plies
6. Type of tyre
According to tread pattern design
According to carcass
According to construction
8. Summer tires:
They deliver excellent driving and braking performance on
wet and dry roads.
Winter tires:
Specifically for the snow and ice covered roads.
All season tires:
More complex tread pattern.
11. Ply cords are woven at angle of 30 to 40 degree to the tyre axis.
Two layers that runs in opposite direction however the cords are not woven
like warp.
Cross Ply Tyre:
Ply cords run in the radial direction i.e. in the direction of the tyre axis.
Over this runs a number of breaker strips in the circumferential direction.
Radial Ply Tyre:
12. Combination of both the radial and cross ply type.
Basic construction is the bias ply over which run a
number of breaker belts .
The belt improve the characteristic of the bias ply to a
large extent.
Belted-Bias Tyre
15. Conventional tube Tyre
The sidewall is a protective rubber coating on the outside of the tyre carcass and is
designed to resist cutting, abrasion, and cracking.
To prevent the tyre from being thrown off from the rim, the plies are attached to the
two rings of bundles of bronze coated high tension steel wire strands insulated with
rubber.
A radial load tyre normally has one such bundle in the lead whereas a cross ply
tyre for off road use may have two or three bundles.
16. Don’t need separate tube in the air which is under immense pressure is filled in the
tyre itself for this purpose a non-return valve is fitted to the rim.
Based on the construction, almost similar to tubed tyre except lined on inside with a
special air retaining liner made of halogenated rubber like Bromo-butyl or Chloro-
butyl for better performance.
Major difference between the tubed tyre and the tubeless tyre lies in the bead area of
the tyre.
Tubeless Tyre
17. Rib shape:
As the name implies the design of this pattern is like a rib
shape.
Asymmetric pattern:
Asymmetric tire haven a different tread design on the
inside to the outside.
18. Block shape:-
This type of pattern as the name suggests has a block
shape design.
Zigzag shape:-
This is a classic tread design for a van.
19. Tyre Markings
SIDEWALL MARKINGS
Most tires are described by an alphanumeric tire code
which is generally molded into the sidewall of the tire.
This code specifies the dimensions of the tires and some of its key limitations,
such as load bearing ability, and maximum speed.