Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria and spreads through contaminated food or water. It causes fever and systemic infection. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures and serologic testing. Treatment consists of antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 2 weeks. Prevention involves food and water safety as well as vaccination for travel to areas where typhoid is common.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
In this video, you can learn about the basics of Typhoid fever and also the symptoms and treatment of this disease in a very simple way. We describe to you here all about,
1. Typhoid fever
2. Symptoms of Typhoid
3. Causes of Typhoid
4. Diagnosis of Typhoid
5. Prevention of Typhoid
6. Treatment of Typhoid
7. Diet for Typhoid fever
You can download the PowerPoint file from below link:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1s8Ix3t8t3O-KYWVze2C8nm4QYIWJdFSXg_sTR78htiQ/edit?usp=sharing
You can learn from video by the below link:
https://youtu.be/PDhr_UmTWuc
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
In this video, you can learn about the basics of Typhoid fever and also the symptoms and treatment of this disease in a very simple way. We describe to you here all about,
1. Typhoid fever
2. Symptoms of Typhoid
3. Causes of Typhoid
4. Diagnosis of Typhoid
5. Prevention of Typhoid
6. Treatment of Typhoid
7. Diet for Typhoid fever
You can download the PowerPoint file from below link:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1s8Ix3t8t3O-KYWVze2C8nm4QYIWJdFSXg_sTR78htiQ/edit?usp=sharing
You can learn from video by the below link:
https://youtu.be/PDhr_UmTWuc
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Diseases Affecting the Gastro-Intestinal System LECTURE 3.pptxOsmanHassan35
A communicable disease can be transmitted from one person to another in several ways, such as contact with blood or body fluids, inhalation of an airborne virus, or insect bites.
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
between the lining of the lungs and the thoracic cavity (i.e., the visceral
and parietal pleurae
).
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Introduction:
• Enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever.
• Is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the
Salmonella-typhi bacteria. Can also be caused by Salmonella
paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe
illness.
• Major cause of morbidity & mortality
• Food & water-borne disease.
• The bacteria is deposited in water/food by a human carrier & then
spread to other people.
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3. Etiology:
• Bacteria:
• Caused by bacteria: Salmonella typhi.
• Family: Enterobacteriacea
• Gram negative bacilli
• Best grows at 37 °C
• Transmission:
• Faecal-oral route (direct)
• Close contact with patients/carriers
• Contaminated water/food (indirect)
• Humans are the main reservoir for S. typhi.
• Salmonella has flagella.
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5. Is it contagious?
• Is typhoid contagious?
• Typhoid fever is HIGHLY contagious. An infected person can
pass the bacteria out of their body in their stools (faeces) or, less
commonly, in their urine.
• Contamination of water supply, in turn, taint the food supply. The
bacteria can survive for weeks in water or dried sewage.
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6. How do People get it?
• Work in or travel to area where typhoid is endemic (high risk
areas=refer to WHO map in pg.4)
• Work as a clinical microbiologist handling Salmonella typhi
bacteria.
• Have close contact with someone who is infected or has
recently been infected with typhoid fever.
• Drink water contaminated by sewage that contains S.typhi.
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7. How Long is a Person
Contagious?
• A person with typhoid fever is contagious anywhere from days
to years (assuming they become a chronic carrier); some
researchers suggest a few individuals may be contagious
indefinitely.
• About 3-5% of people become carriers of the bacteria after the
acute illness.
• Others suffer a very mild illness that goes unrecognized. These
people may become long-term carriers of the bacteria—even
though they have no symptoms—and be the source of new
outbreaks of typhoid fever for many years.
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8. Prognosis:
• With appropriate antibiotic therapy, most patients recover from the disease.
• However, 30% of people who do not receive therapy die. Annually, in the US,
there are about 300-400 cases & only one or two deaths each year.
• Most of those who got sick had failed to receive a vaccination prior to travel.
• Typhoid fever kill hundreds of thousands of people annually each year. Most
deaths occur in developing countries where the disease is common.
• With adequate treatment, less than 1% of victims should die.
• There is a concern that multi-antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are becoming
more common worldwide.
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9. • Oral uptake of pathogen: A relatively large number of organisms (~105) is needed
to cause infection (high infective dose).
• Migration into Peyer patches of distal ileum: if the pathogen manages to reach the
distal ileum, it migrates via M-cells through the epithelium & into the Peyer
patches.
• Infection of macrophages (leads to non-specific symptoms manifested by
patient).
• Spread of macrophages to the bloodstream leading to septicemia and systemic
disease.
• Migration back into the intestine for re-circulation or excretion in feces.
• NB: *Organism invade macrophages & disseminates into organs of the
reticuloendothelial system(e.g. lymph nodes, liver, spleen, & bone marrow).
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Pathophysiology:
13. Symptoms:
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• Fig: Temperature curve in typhoid fever (stepladder fashion).
• NB: *Typhoid fever is a systemic disease and is not limited to the
gastrointestinal system.
14. Diagnosis:
• Blood culture
• Specific serological test
• Identify Salmonella antibodies / antigens
• Widal test & ELISA
• Urine & stool culture
• Marrow culture
• 90% sensitive unless until 5 days commencement of antibiotic
• Punch-biopsy samples of rose spots culture
• 63% sensitive
• Clot culture
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15. Laboratory tests:
• Anemia
• Leukopenia or leukocytosis
• Absolute eosinopenia.
• Relative lymphocytosis
• NB: *in adults, infection with Salmonella typically presents with
leukopenia, as opposed to most other bacterial infections. In
children, however, more commonly presents with leukocytosis.
• Abnormal liver function tests.
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16. Pathogen detection:
• Blood cultures: Bacteremia is detectable starting in week 1 of the
disease.
• Stool cultures:
• Cultures may be (+)ve from weeks 2-3, but are often negative
despite active infection.
• Bone marrow cultures:
• May be positive even after antibiotic treatment.
• Serology (Widal test):
• Pathogen detection from week 2 onwards possible.
• NB: *Blood culture is the most important diagnostic tool at disease onset, as
stool cultures are often (-)ve despite active infection.
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17. Serology
• WIDAL test – Tube agglutination test.
• Detects O and H antibodies
• Diagnosis of Typhoid & paratyphoid
• Testing for H agglutinins in Dryers tubes, a narrow tube floccules at the bottom.
• Testing for O agglutinins in Felix tubes, Chalky
• Incubated at 37°C overnight.
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18. Treatment:
• Activity – rest is helpful
• Medical care:
• Antibiotic
• Corticosteroids (for severe typhoid fevers)
• Antipyretics
• NB: *Antibiotics prolong the duration of fecal excretion of bacteria.
• Diet: fluid & electrolytes should be monitored
• Soft digestible diet is preferable in absence of abdominal distension
& ileus
• Surgical care – in cases of intestinal perforation.
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19. Antibiotic:
• Chloramphenicol (500mg qid)
• Ampicillin (750mg qid)
• Co-trimoxazole (2 tablets / iv bds)
• Fluoroquinolone (Drug of choice) – ciprofloxacin (500mg bds)
• 3rd generation cephalosporin – ceftriaxone (alternative); preferred for severe
infection.
• Azithromycin (500mg once daily) alternative when fluoroquinolone resistant
is present.
• Treatment should be continued for 2 weeks (14 days)
• Chronic carriers were formerly treated for 4 weeks with ciprofloxacin but
may require an alternative agent & duration
• Cholecystectomy may be necessary.
Resistance in many areas of the
world, esp. India & South East
Asia
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21. Prevention:
• Food & water security:
• Measures implemented to avoid exposure to organisms.
• Clean fruits & vegetables
• Get vaccinated
• WHO recommends vaccination to those travelling to high-
risk areas (East & Southeast Asia, South & Central
America, Africa).
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22. Sa Oji:
• Reference:
• Davidson’s Principle & Practice of Medicine 22nd Ed.
• Hutchison’s Clinical Methods 23rd Ed.
• Medscape
• MayoClinic
• Emedicine Health
• Malaysian Journal of Microbiology
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