Research integrity, research misconduct, ethics in research is profound terms. Research integrity is simply, justice and honesty in conducting research where research misconduct is just opposite including insufficient care for the subject of research; breaches of confidentiality, improprieties of publication involving conflict of interest. It‘s harmful for society. If someone involved embezzling, plagiarizing, stealing the output of others, such as methodology, output, data including unpublished is called violation of academic or research ethics. This research paper tried to find out the core concepts of research, integrity, misconduct, ethics, and issues related to research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh. The broad objective of the study was to review and analyze the challenges and opportunities of research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh. It‘s an exploratory and qualitative research based on mainly secondary sources of data. Various literatures have been reviewed for the desired data. Promoting research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh requires a greater understanding. There is a dearth of
empirical research addressing issues related to research integrity and misconduct in science, business, environment etc. This paper found many challenges in this regard and also a great opportunity to overcome those. More research on these issues might be supported not only to provide useful guidance to researchers, policy makers but also to stimulate a critical mass of scholars to develop research on research integrity as a legitimate field of scientific inquiry.
This document discusses various ethical issues in scientific research, including intellectual honesty, research integrity, scientific misconduct such as falsification and plagiarism. It addresses principles like duty to society, informed consent, and protecting research participants. Forms of problematic publishing are defined, like duplicate/overlapping publications and "salami slicing" research. Selective reporting or misrepresenting data to bias results undermines reproducibility. Upholding integrity requires monitoring at the individual researcher, work group and institutional levels.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
This document discusses research ethics and academic honesty. It begins by defining key terms related to research integrity and misconduct. The outline then discusses concepts of ethics, good and ethical research practices, ethical theories, data collection and presentation standards, authorship guidelines, and the process of obtaining funding. The document emphasizes principles of research ethics like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, confidentiality, and integrity. It also defines and discusses research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.
This document discusses various plagiarism detection software tools, including Turnitin, Urkund, and other open source options. It provides brief overviews of 15 popular plagiarism checking tools, focusing on their key features. The tools discussed can check documents for duplicated or copied content, often scanning billions of web pages. They generate originality reports and identify sources of non-original content to varying degrees of precision and language support. Many are available for free or at low costs.
Research ethics in behavioural sciences 05 01 2022Dr. Chinchu C
This document discusses research ethics in behavioral sciences. It begins by questioning how much research ethics is discussed in classrooms and syllabi. It then discusses what constitutes research ethics, including informed consent, privacy/confidentiality, and conflicts of interest. The document reviews some historical examples that shaped modern ethics like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience experiments. It also discusses global guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki and roles of institutional review boards. The document emphasizes the need for more awareness and discussion of research ethics among students and researchers. It provides an overview of several guidelines relevant to psychology research including from the APA and COPE. Finally, it discusses ways forward like preregistration and the need for independent
Presentation "Challenges in research ethics" by Milica Ševkušić, Re@WBC ERASMUS + Project, Training for trainers, April 5–7, 2017, University of Belgrade
This document discusses various ethical issues in scientific research, including intellectual honesty, research integrity, scientific misconduct such as falsification and plagiarism. It addresses principles like duty to society, informed consent, and protecting research participants. Forms of problematic publishing are defined, like duplicate/overlapping publications and "salami slicing" research. Selective reporting or misrepresenting data to bias results undermines reproducibility. Upholding integrity requires monitoring at the individual researcher, work group and institutional levels.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
This document discusses research ethics and academic honesty. It begins by defining key terms related to research integrity and misconduct. The outline then discusses concepts of ethics, good and ethical research practices, ethical theories, data collection and presentation standards, authorship guidelines, and the process of obtaining funding. The document emphasizes principles of research ethics like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, confidentiality, and integrity. It also defines and discusses research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.
This document discusses various plagiarism detection software tools, including Turnitin, Urkund, and other open source options. It provides brief overviews of 15 popular plagiarism checking tools, focusing on their key features. The tools discussed can check documents for duplicated or copied content, often scanning billions of web pages. They generate originality reports and identify sources of non-original content to varying degrees of precision and language support. Many are available for free or at low costs.
Research ethics in behavioural sciences 05 01 2022Dr. Chinchu C
This document discusses research ethics in behavioral sciences. It begins by questioning how much research ethics is discussed in classrooms and syllabi. It then discusses what constitutes research ethics, including informed consent, privacy/confidentiality, and conflicts of interest. The document reviews some historical examples that shaped modern ethics like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience experiments. It also discusses global guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki and roles of institutional review boards. The document emphasizes the need for more awareness and discussion of research ethics among students and researchers. It provides an overview of several guidelines relevant to psychology research including from the APA and COPE. Finally, it discusses ways forward like preregistration and the need for independent
Presentation "Challenges in research ethics" by Milica Ševkušić, Re@WBC ERASMUS + Project, Training for trainers, April 5–7, 2017, University of Belgrade
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It defines ethics as rules that guide moral behavior and research principles. Ethics in research provides rules for appropriate and inappropriate research conduct and application of findings. The document outlines three main components of ethics in research: truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights. It provides examples of each component, such as obtaining permission before collecting data, avoiding fraud/misconduct, and protecting participants' confidentiality, dignity, and right to withdraw. The overall summary is that the document defines ethics and its role in research, then outlines and gives examples of three key ethical components to consider which are truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights.
The document discusses the ethics of educational and social research. It covers topics such as informed consent, access and acceptance, ethical dilemmas researchers may face, privacy and confidentiality, deception, regulation and codes of ethics. Researchers have a responsibility to consider issues like minimizing harm, maintaining integrity and respecting subjects' autonomy. Developing a personal code of ethics can help guide researchers' behavior and establish principles for responsible conduct.
This is about honesty in professional environment. It is about trustfulness and trustworthiness. Professional honesty is strongly related with academic integrity. Research integrity has paramount importance when it comes to honesty.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and the postgraduate research (PGR) ethical review process at the School of Education, University of Nottingham. It discusses key concepts in research ethics like informed consent and protecting participants. It also summarizes guidelines from the British Educational Research Association (BERA) on responsibilities to participants, sponsors, and the research community. Additionally, it addresses some challenges with ethical codes and the need for researchers to make judgment calls. Finally, it briefly touches on additional considerations for ethics in practitioner and action research due to dual roles of researchers.
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module seven(part2)-research integrity and publication et...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document discusses ethical issues in public health research, including definitions of scientific misconduct, types of misconduct, and infamous cases. It defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or intentional deception in research. Types of misconduct include fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, failure to disclose conflicts of interest, and redundant publication. Notable cases include Diederik Stapel fabricating data in dozens of papers, Hwang Woo-suk falsifying human cloning research, and Andrew Wakefield fraudulently linking vaccines to autism. The document examines why misconduct occurs and how it should be managed.
Confronting ethical issues in research for avoiding plagiarismDr. Utpal Das
1) The document discusses confronting ethical issues in research and avoiding plagiarism. It defines research, academic integrity, and discusses the key characteristics of novelty and originality in research works.
2) Ten main forms of plagiarism are identified based on a survey, including clone, ctrl-c, find-replace, remix, recycle, hybrid, mashup, 404 error, aggregator, and re-tweet. Ethical issues in research like research design, data source, informed consent, copyright, and plagiarism are also discussed.
3) Avoiding academic plagiarism requires a holistic approach including national level regulations and policies, institutional prevention measures, and principles for individuals to follow.
Scientific integrity and avoiding misconduct are important issues discussed by governments, universities, and the scientific community. Upholding high ethical standards in research helps ensure reliable results and safety. Some examples of misconduct include falsifying or fabricating data, plagiarism, and failing to maintain confidentiality. Consequences for misconduct can be severe, such as job termination, fines, and bans from research. Maintaining integrity through practices like careful record keeping, peer review, and consulting advisors protects scientists and the legitimacy of their work.
The document discusses ethics in research and provides examples of ethical and unethical research practices. It defines ethics as norms for acceptable versus unacceptable behavior. Research ethics are important to promote transparency, accountability, and public trust in research. Common ethical principles discussed include honesty, integrity, and respect for colleagues. The document outlines various codes and policies for research ethics from government agencies and professional societies. It also discusses how to make ethical decisions and identifies the most serious offenses as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Examples are given of past cases of scientific misconduct.
This document discusses several key concepts in research ethics including:
- The four main principles of ethics in research are respect for persons, beneficence, justice, and respect for communities.
- Standards of care in research must consider local contexts and not exploit vulnerable groups.
- Bioethics examines life science morality through descriptive, prescriptive, and interactive approaches.
- Research ethics frameworks like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki provide guidelines on informed consent, honesty, and protecting human subjects.
This document discusses ethics in research and provides guidelines for ethical conduct. It begins by defining ethics in research as a branch of philosophy involving norms for distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It then notes that many professional organizations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes and policies regarding research ethics. These include following all relevant laws, treating animals humanely in research, avoiding discrimination, maintaining confidentiality, being open and transparent, publishing responsibly, respecting colleagues, promoting social good, mentoring students appropriately, and striving for objectivity by disclosing conflicts of interest.
Avoiding plagiarism in this era of digital availabilityDr. Utpal Das
This document discusses avoiding plagiarism in research. It defines research and outlines some key characteristics like novelty and originality. It also discusses research ethics and integrity, noting that ethics govern researchers' behavior and distinguish right from wrong. The document outlines six key principles for ethical research according to the Economic and Social Research Council in the UK. It provides examples of ethical principles researchers should follow, such as honesty, objectivity, integrity, and respecting intellectual property. The document concludes by defining three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
This document provides guidelines for ethical research conduct. It discusses the importance of ethics in research and defines key terms like ethics, citations, and plagiarism. The document outlines general ethical principles like honesty, objectivity, and social responsibility. It also discusses topics like informed consent and protecting human subjects. Guidelines are provided for using sources, quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing. Common ethical violations like fabrication, falsification and plagiarism are explained. Tips for succeeding in research and avoiding ethical dilemmas are also presented.
The document discusses the need for research ethics policies and the role of research ethics committees. It outlines the development of ethical codes starting in 1947 with the Nuremberg Code. Research ethics committees were established to maintain ethical standards, protect subjects, and ensure research complies with recognized standards. The university is responsible for developing policies, providing guidance to researchers, and establishing ethics committees to review proposed research.
Research Ethics in the 2.0 Era: New Challenges for Researchers and IRBsMichael Zimmer
Research Ethics in the 2.0 Era: New Challenges for Researchers and IRBs, University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board Educational Series, October 5, 2012
This document discusses scientific misconduct and responsible research practices. It defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in research. This includes making up data, manipulating research materials to misrepresent results, and using other's ideas without credit. Responsible research involves following approved protocols, protecting participants, accurately recording and sharing results, and publishing ethically. Maintaining integrity is important to ensure reliable research and public trust.
This document outlines guidelines for research ethics in the social sciences. It discusses key principles like respect for individuals, groups, and institutions. It also covers ethical issues related to the research community, commissioned research, and disseminating findings. The guidelines aim to help researchers conduct ethical work and are based on norms for open, reliable, and independent inquiry as well as protecting participants. Institutions also have responsibilities to ensure research complies with ethical standards.
1. Research ethics concerns respecting and protecting all individuals affected by research studies. Researchers must be honest and minimize risks to participants.
2. Some unethical historical examples include intentionally inflicting harm on research subjects without consent.
3. Modern codes like the Belmont Report established principles of respecting consent, minimizing harm, and fair selection of participants.
This document discusses ethics in social work research. It begins with an introduction defining ethics and the importance of research ethics. It then outlines some basic ethical principles for social work research including causing no harm, respecting participants' rights and dignity, and conducting research with integrity. The document goes on to discuss specific issues in social work research such as authorship, plagiarism, peer review, conflicts of interest, data management, and research misconduct. Guidelines for ethical research with human subjects are also provided. The document concludes with references on research ethics and methodology.
Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practiceijtsrd
Research in education is conducted to address educational problem and provides solution that will stimulate effectiveness within the educational sector. Like other disciplines, educational researches must be conducted without issues or bottlenecks that will hinder the integrity of the study or the researchers. This chapter identifies various issues that are currently practiced which are unethical. The chapter also provides insights to the aspects that researchers and scholars must focus in order to ensure that unethical issues are avoided when conducting researches. Conclusions and recommendations were made in order to improve the current practices towards global best practices in educational research management. Sukhdev Singh Dhanju "Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practice" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30865.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/30865/ethical-issues-in-educational-research-management-and-practice/sukhdev-singh-dhanju
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It defines ethics as rules that guide moral behavior and research principles. Ethics in research provides rules for appropriate and inappropriate research conduct and application of findings. The document outlines three main components of ethics in research: truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights. It provides examples of each component, such as obtaining permission before collecting data, avoiding fraud/misconduct, and protecting participants' confidentiality, dignity, and right to withdraw. The overall summary is that the document defines ethics and its role in research, then outlines and gives examples of three key ethical components to consider which are truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights.
The document discusses the ethics of educational and social research. It covers topics such as informed consent, access and acceptance, ethical dilemmas researchers may face, privacy and confidentiality, deception, regulation and codes of ethics. Researchers have a responsibility to consider issues like minimizing harm, maintaining integrity and respecting subjects' autonomy. Developing a personal code of ethics can help guide researchers' behavior and establish principles for responsible conduct.
This is about honesty in professional environment. It is about trustfulness and trustworthiness. Professional honesty is strongly related with academic integrity. Research integrity has paramount importance when it comes to honesty.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and the postgraduate research (PGR) ethical review process at the School of Education, University of Nottingham. It discusses key concepts in research ethics like informed consent and protecting participants. It also summarizes guidelines from the British Educational Research Association (BERA) on responsibilities to participants, sponsors, and the research community. Additionally, it addresses some challenges with ethical codes and the need for researchers to make judgment calls. Finally, it briefly touches on additional considerations for ethics in practitioner and action research due to dual roles of researchers.
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module seven(part2)-research integrity and publication et...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document discusses ethical issues in public health research, including definitions of scientific misconduct, types of misconduct, and infamous cases. It defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or intentional deception in research. Types of misconduct include fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, failure to disclose conflicts of interest, and redundant publication. Notable cases include Diederik Stapel fabricating data in dozens of papers, Hwang Woo-suk falsifying human cloning research, and Andrew Wakefield fraudulently linking vaccines to autism. The document examines why misconduct occurs and how it should be managed.
Confronting ethical issues in research for avoiding plagiarismDr. Utpal Das
1) The document discusses confronting ethical issues in research and avoiding plagiarism. It defines research, academic integrity, and discusses the key characteristics of novelty and originality in research works.
2) Ten main forms of plagiarism are identified based on a survey, including clone, ctrl-c, find-replace, remix, recycle, hybrid, mashup, 404 error, aggregator, and re-tweet. Ethical issues in research like research design, data source, informed consent, copyright, and plagiarism are also discussed.
3) Avoiding academic plagiarism requires a holistic approach including national level regulations and policies, institutional prevention measures, and principles for individuals to follow.
Scientific integrity and avoiding misconduct are important issues discussed by governments, universities, and the scientific community. Upholding high ethical standards in research helps ensure reliable results and safety. Some examples of misconduct include falsifying or fabricating data, plagiarism, and failing to maintain confidentiality. Consequences for misconduct can be severe, such as job termination, fines, and bans from research. Maintaining integrity through practices like careful record keeping, peer review, and consulting advisors protects scientists and the legitimacy of their work.
The document discusses ethics in research and provides examples of ethical and unethical research practices. It defines ethics as norms for acceptable versus unacceptable behavior. Research ethics are important to promote transparency, accountability, and public trust in research. Common ethical principles discussed include honesty, integrity, and respect for colleagues. The document outlines various codes and policies for research ethics from government agencies and professional societies. It also discusses how to make ethical decisions and identifies the most serious offenses as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Examples are given of past cases of scientific misconduct.
This document discusses several key concepts in research ethics including:
- The four main principles of ethics in research are respect for persons, beneficence, justice, and respect for communities.
- Standards of care in research must consider local contexts and not exploit vulnerable groups.
- Bioethics examines life science morality through descriptive, prescriptive, and interactive approaches.
- Research ethics frameworks like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki provide guidelines on informed consent, honesty, and protecting human subjects.
This document discusses ethics in research and provides guidelines for ethical conduct. It begins by defining ethics in research as a branch of philosophy involving norms for distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It then notes that many professional organizations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes and policies regarding research ethics. These include following all relevant laws, treating animals humanely in research, avoiding discrimination, maintaining confidentiality, being open and transparent, publishing responsibly, respecting colleagues, promoting social good, mentoring students appropriately, and striving for objectivity by disclosing conflicts of interest.
Avoiding plagiarism in this era of digital availabilityDr. Utpal Das
This document discusses avoiding plagiarism in research. It defines research and outlines some key characteristics like novelty and originality. It also discusses research ethics and integrity, noting that ethics govern researchers' behavior and distinguish right from wrong. The document outlines six key principles for ethical research according to the Economic and Social Research Council in the UK. It provides examples of ethical principles researchers should follow, such as honesty, objectivity, integrity, and respecting intellectual property. The document concludes by defining three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
This document provides guidelines for ethical research conduct. It discusses the importance of ethics in research and defines key terms like ethics, citations, and plagiarism. The document outlines general ethical principles like honesty, objectivity, and social responsibility. It also discusses topics like informed consent and protecting human subjects. Guidelines are provided for using sources, quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing. Common ethical violations like fabrication, falsification and plagiarism are explained. Tips for succeeding in research and avoiding ethical dilemmas are also presented.
The document discusses the need for research ethics policies and the role of research ethics committees. It outlines the development of ethical codes starting in 1947 with the Nuremberg Code. Research ethics committees were established to maintain ethical standards, protect subjects, and ensure research complies with recognized standards. The university is responsible for developing policies, providing guidance to researchers, and establishing ethics committees to review proposed research.
Research Ethics in the 2.0 Era: New Challenges for Researchers and IRBsMichael Zimmer
Research Ethics in the 2.0 Era: New Challenges for Researchers and IRBs, University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board Educational Series, October 5, 2012
This document discusses scientific misconduct and responsible research practices. It defines scientific misconduct as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in research. This includes making up data, manipulating research materials to misrepresent results, and using other's ideas without credit. Responsible research involves following approved protocols, protecting participants, accurately recording and sharing results, and publishing ethically. Maintaining integrity is important to ensure reliable research and public trust.
This document outlines guidelines for research ethics in the social sciences. It discusses key principles like respect for individuals, groups, and institutions. It also covers ethical issues related to the research community, commissioned research, and disseminating findings. The guidelines aim to help researchers conduct ethical work and are based on norms for open, reliable, and independent inquiry as well as protecting participants. Institutions also have responsibilities to ensure research complies with ethical standards.
1. Research ethics concerns respecting and protecting all individuals affected by research studies. Researchers must be honest and minimize risks to participants.
2. Some unethical historical examples include intentionally inflicting harm on research subjects without consent.
3. Modern codes like the Belmont Report established principles of respecting consent, minimizing harm, and fair selection of participants.
This document discusses ethics in social work research. It begins with an introduction defining ethics and the importance of research ethics. It then outlines some basic ethical principles for social work research including causing no harm, respecting participants' rights and dignity, and conducting research with integrity. The document goes on to discuss specific issues in social work research such as authorship, plagiarism, peer review, conflicts of interest, data management, and research misconduct. Guidelines for ethical research with human subjects are also provided. The document concludes with references on research ethics and methodology.
Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practiceijtsrd
Research in education is conducted to address educational problem and provides solution that will stimulate effectiveness within the educational sector. Like other disciplines, educational researches must be conducted without issues or bottlenecks that will hinder the integrity of the study or the researchers. This chapter identifies various issues that are currently practiced which are unethical. The chapter also provides insights to the aspects that researchers and scholars must focus in order to ensure that unethical issues are avoided when conducting researches. Conclusions and recommendations were made in order to improve the current practices towards global best practices in educational research management. Sukhdev Singh Dhanju "Ethical Issues in Educational Research Management and Practice" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30865.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/30865/ethical-issues-in-educational-research-management-and-practice/sukhdev-singh-dhanju
Building a culture of research in schools is important. A research culture influences career paths and how research is conducted and communicated. It also determines an organization's approach to research integrity - the formal ethics, standards, and policies researchers follow. Major ethical issues in conducting research include obtaining informed consent, doing no harm, respecting anonymity and confidentiality, and respecting privacy. Common ethical issues are proper study design, appropriate data analysis, fair authorship, avoiding redundant publication, and preventing plagiarism. It is the researcher's duty to ensure research is conducted and reported ethically.
PEER RESPONSES DUE IN 16 HOURSGuided Response Respond to a .docxssuser562afc1
Peer responses to two classmates' posts are due in 16 hours. The guided response asks peers to discuss any competing loyalties, values, or systems that present challenges to ethical decision making at personal, professional, or societal levels for their classmates. It also asks about consequences of options considered.
Lashanta's post discusses ethical considerations in program planning, including research inclusivity, confidentiality, anonymity, informed consent, and implications of privacy infringements. Gloria's post discusses ensuring participants are not subject to unfair judgment and developing a justified methodology that interprets data for her final research project on juvenile justice punishments. Both discuss how ethical violations can damage research accuracy, effectiveness, and goals.
Respond in a paragraph the discussion board. In your response,.docxphilipnelson29183
The researcher faced an ethical dilemma in their study due to a lack of informed consent. Only one of the intended classes participated in data collection, yet the researcher continued the study and presented results as if all classes were represented. To resolve this, the researcher should have obtained proper informed consent from all participants and ensured the data collection process was inclusive of all intended groups. A researcher has responsibilities to conduct accurate, unbiased research and avoid deception. Key ethical principles like informed consent, accuracy, and avoiding harm to participants should guide research.
Respond in a paragraph the discussion board. In your response,.docxpeggyd2
The researcher faced an ethical dilemma in their study due to a lack of informed consent when only one of the intended three classes participated. This compromised the study results, as the data did not represent all three classes as intended. To resolve this, the researchers should have obtained proper informed consent from participants and ensured the data collection process represented all classes to avoid biasing the results. A researcher's roles include obtaining informed consent, accurately reporting data, avoiding deception, and following ethical principles of beneficence, justice and respecting participants' autonomy.
Research and Publication Ethics_Misconduct.pptxVijayKumar17076
Mr. Vijayakumar G gave a seminar on research misconduct. He defined research misconduct as intentional deviations from ethical research practices, such as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in conducting, planning, or reporting research. He discussed the different types of research misconduct including fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, improper authorship, conflicts of interest, and failure to follow approvals. He also discussed reasons for research misconduct like career pressures, personal psychology, lack of training, insufficient supervision, and inadequate knowledge. Finally, he outlined the consequences of research misconduct which can include damage to reputation, loss of funding, retraction of papers, job loss, and legal actions.
Research Integrity: Philosophical Perspectives Robert Farrow
A short presentation exploring the concept of research integrity from a philosophical perspective and discussing some of the advice and frameworks that support research integrity.
This document provides guidance on ethical research practices for researchers at ESDC's Innovation Lab. It summarizes key sections of Canada's Tri-Council Policy Statement on ethical conduct for research involving humans. The document outlines core ethics principles of respect for human dignity, respect for persons, welfare, and justice. It discusses justifying research with human participants, assessing risks and benefits, and when formal ethics approval is required. The document also covers obtaining free and informed consent from participants, protecting privacy and confidentiality, exceptions to consent requirements, and responsibilities around disseminating research results. Throughout, it emphasizes respecting participants' autonomy, minimizing risks, and maintaining trust between researchers and participants.
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
How do you define research ethics? Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. Why researcher should be ethical. Discuss General Ethical Theories and Ethical Principles. What are the Specific Ethical Problems? Describe Ethics and Online Research.
Ethics are the moral principles that a person must follow, irrespective of the place or time. Behaving ethically involves doing the right thing at the right time. Research ethics focus on the moral principles that researchers must follow in their respective fields of research.
This document discusses research ethics and the ethical issues researchers must consider. It defines research ethics as principles guiding how researchers interact with participants, colleagues, and society. Researchers must get informed consent, avoid pressure on participants, respect participant autonomy, protect vulnerable groups, ensure anonymity and confidentiality, avoid harm, be objective, not take advantage of easy groups, and be open. Following ethics promotes respecting participants, advancing knowledge, trust, accountability, and public support. Violations can damage participant cooperation, public confidence, and researcher integrity. Ethics apply to all research stages and contribute to quality.
This document discusses an academic course on academic morality and writing norms. The course aims to improve postgraduates' understanding of academic standards and research integrity. It covers topics like defining scientific integrity, types of academic norms, dealing with academic misconduct, and writing norms. The course contains lectures, discussions, and assignments on responsible research practices. Maintaining integrity and complying with ethics is important for upholding academic standards.
Research ethics govern the moral principles of conducting research and aim to ensure research is done legally and ethically. Researchers must consider ethics at all stages of the research process by obtaining informed consent, protecting participants' privacy and safety, avoiding harm, and conducting honest and objective research. Key ethical responsibilities for researchers include obtaining consent, disclosing risks to participants, upholding confidentiality, avoiding data manipulation, properly citing sources to avoid plagiarism, and conducting research without discrimination or bias. Research ethics aim to balance the rights of participants and responsibilities of researchers.
The document discusses research ethics and provides guidance for researchers to conduct ethical research. It covers key topics such as the history and importance of research ethics, ethical principles researchers should follow, how to engage in ethical reflection, and how to incorporate ethical guidelines into a research project. The overall message is that researchers must prioritize ethical standards in all aspects of their work to protect participants and ensure integrity. Following principles like do no harm, obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and being transparent can help researchers stay aligned with their ethical obligations.
Paper on "The Ethical conduct of Science" by Professor Sheryl L. HendriksMalabo-Montpellier-Panel
Professor Sheryl L. Hendriks, Professor and Head of Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development at the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (University of Pretoria), presented a paper on the “Ethical conduct of Science” in Budapest, at the World Science Forum from November 20 to 22, 2019.
Research methodology ethical issues in research an assignmentMaiJoy
This document discusses six key ethical considerations in research: 1) informed consent, 2) invasion of privacy and maintaining confidentiality, 3) deception, 4) protection from harm, 5) data protection, and 6) managing conflicts of interest and affiliation. Violating any of these ethics can have negative consequences like jeopardizing future participation in research, damaging the reputation of the researcher and sponsor, and weakening public trust in the research process. Upholding strong ethical standards is important for conducting research responsibly and building trust.
The document discusses several key issues regarding research ethics:
1. Ethical norms in research promote goals like knowledge, truth, and cooperation between researchers. They also help ensure accountability and build public support.
2. Many professional organizations and government agencies have established codes and policies on research ethics to address issues like honesty, objectivity, integrity, and protecting human and animal subjects.
3. Researchers must make ethical decisions by carefully applying rules and considering how their actions may affect others. They should avoid misconduct but also recognize unwritten norms around attribution, conflicts of interest, and sharing information and resources.
Ethical Implications of Student Plagiarism in Myanmarijtsrd
This study presents efforts to establish evidence for the construct validity of scores on the ethical issue related to student plagiarism in Myanmar universities. Student plagiarism in colleges and universities has become a controversial issue in recent years. The case considered as the most commonly used immoral and unethical activities, are selected for evaluation, and the participants select these activities according questionnaire. Recognizing the difficulty in defining plagiarism while still acknowledging the practical importance of doing so, this system finds the common element about student plagiarism to be the lack of appropriate attribution to the original source. Chaw Chaw Su "Ethical Implications of Student Plagiarism in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27832.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/27832/ethical-implications-of-student-plagiarism-in-myanmar/chaw-chaw-su
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Research Integrity in a Developing Country: Review and Analysis (Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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Research Integrity in a Developing Country:
Review and Analysis
(Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities)
By:
Rakib Ahmed
Senior Lecturer, Eastern University, Bangladesh
Email: rakibcau@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Research integrity, research misconduct, ethics
in research is profound terms. Research integrity
is simply, justice and honesty in conducting
research where research misconduct is just
opposite including insufficient care for the
subject of research; breaches of confidentiality,
improprieties of publication involving conflict of
interest. It‘s harmful for society. If someone
involved embezzling, plagiarizing, stealing the
output of others, such as methodology, output,
data including unpublished is called violation of
academic or research ethics. This research paper
tried to find out the core concepts of research,
integrity, misconduct, ethics, and issues related
to research integrity in a developing country like
Bangladesh. The broad objective of the study
was to review and analyze the challenges and
opportunities of research integrity in a
developing country like Bangladesh. It‘s an
exploratory and qualitative research based on
mainly secondary sources of data. Various
literatures have been reviewed for the desired
data. Promoting research integrity in a
developing country like Bangladesh requires a
greater understanding. There is a dearth of
empirical research addressing issues related to
research integrity and misconduct in science,
business, environment etc. This paper found
many challenges in this regard and also a great
opportunity to overcome those. More research
on these issues might be supported not only to
provide useful guidance to researchers, policy
makers but also to stimulate a critical mass of
scholars to develop research on research
integrity as a legitimate field of scientific
inquiry.
Keywords: Research integrity, Research
misconduct, Ethics, Developing country,
Bangladesh.
Classification: Research Paper
1. INTRODUCTION
Research, by its very nature, is founded on
honesty and competition, on data that is real, yet
selective, and on an open critique of conceptual
and methodological frameworks among peers
but increasingly also other societal actors.
Research Integrity (RI) has long been considered
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to be a part of science governance as opposed to
requiring statutory legislation, since codes of
conduct and recommendations for Good
Research Practice (GRP) are dependent on
understanding and upholding core research
values. On the other hand, there are situations
where serious deviations from GRP constitute a
statutory offence, and where the case at hand is
subject to the laws of the land.
Promoting research integrity in a developing
country like Bangladesh requires a greater
understanding than we now have of the factors
that influence the full range of research conduct.
There is a dearth of empirical research
addressing issues related to research integrity
and misconduct in science. It is critical,
therefore, that more research on these issues be
supported, not only to provide useful guidance
to researchers and to the formulation of
appropriately measured policy, but also to
stimulate a critical mass of scholars to develop
research on research integrity as a legitimate
field of scientific inquiry. Such research must
employ rigorous research designs and methods
of evaluation.
In this research paper it is tried to find out the
core concepts of research, integrity, misconduct,
ethics, and issues related to research integrity in
a developing country like Bangladesh. Here it‘s
also tried to determine the potential challenges
and opportunities of research integrity in a
developing country.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to review and
analyze the challenges and opportunities of
research integrity in a developing country like
Bangladesh.
The specific objectives are:
To review and sort out the issues of
research misconduct and integrity in a
developing country like Bangladesh.
To determine and evaluate the
challenges and opportunities of research
integrity in a developing country like
Bangladesh.
To recommend some measure to
overcome such challenges.
3. CORE CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Integrity
Research integrity is simply, justice and honesty
in proposing, conducting, and reporting research
or doing it right and telling the truth about what
you did. In other words, it means that one
conducts one‘s research as carefully as one can
and present the results as honestly as one can.
Integrity in research embraces the aspirational
standard of scientific conduct rather than simply
the avoidance of questionable practices (Swazey
1993: 202; King and Anderson, 1999:34;
Steneck, 2003:401; Iverson and Siang, 2003:64;
Whitbeck, 2004:85).
3.2 Academic or Research Misconduct
The term ‗research misconduct‘ is meant to
embrace many things, including insufficient care
for the people, animals or objects that are the
subject of or participants in research; breaches of
confidentiality, violation of protocols,
carelessness of the kind that leads to gross error
and improprieties of publication involving
conflict of interest or appropriation of ideas.
Research misconduct is harmful for knowledge.
It could mislead other researchers, it may
threaten individuals or society – for instance if it
becomes the basis for unsafe drugs or unwise
legislation – and, by subverting the public‘s
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trust, it could lead to a disregard for or
undesirable restrictions being imposed on
research. Research misconduct can appear in
many guises:
Fabrication involves making up results
and recording them as if they were real;
Falsification involves manipulating
research processes or changing or
omitting data;
Plagiarism is the appropriation of other
people‘s material without giving proper
credit;
Other forms of misconduct include
failure to meet clear ethical and legal
requirements such as misrepresentation
of interests, breach of confidentiality,
lack of informed consent and abuse of
research subjects or materials.
Misconduct also includes improper
dealing with infringements, such as
attempts to cover up misconduct and
reprisals on whistleblowers;
Minor misdemeanors may not lead to
formal investigations, but are just as
damaging given their probable
frequency, and should be corrected by
teachers and mentors.
3.3 Ethics in Research
If someone involved to embezzle, plagiarize,
steal the output of others, such as the material,
methodology, output, report, program and data
including unpublished is called violation of
academic or research ethics. It also include not
only revising and faking the research data (e.g.
experiment and survey data, and statistic results)
but also hiding the negative data to pretend to be
the innovation output. Using the output
accomplished by the research team in own
outputs without indicating that also violation of
ethics in research. Sending one manuscript to
different journals at the same time and/ or other
misconducts in research activities also
considered as ethics violation. It is enormous
imperative to ensure the ethics in the research.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This is very significant paper for the students
and the teachers as well as the researchers.
Because this paper tried to explain the basic
issues related to the research integrity. Not only
that there was an attempt to determine and
explain the potential challenges and
opportunities of research integrity in a
developing country. By reading this paper one
may learn about what is research, what is
integrity in research, what is research
misconduct and their impact on our life. One can
be able to measure the barriers and prospects of
integrity in research.
5. LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE
STUDY
Bolton (2002: 67), defines research integrity as:
...‖ the process o f doing and reporting science
in accordance with accepted practices in their
field. This includes adherence to the prin cip les
and practice s o f scientific standards, education
and mentoring, unbiased peer and expert review
and communication o f results to the scientific
community”. This definition of research
integrity seems to be aligned with our belief that
not only the researcher, but also the environment
and the whole research community is
responsible for the promotion of research
integrity.
The most basic tenets of research integrity are:
trustworthiness and credibility of the findings.
(Swazey, 1993: 2002; King, and Anderson 1999:
37). Research integrity should be an ethic that is
transmitted down the generational tree,
nourished and sustained through individual self-
reflection and a continuous bi-directional
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vertical and horizontal communication among
members of the scientific community (Bolton,
2002:78). It should be validated through a
continuous dialogue with society because the
society is a major stakeholder in addressing the
issues of research integrity. The aim of research
ethics is to protect members of society as well as
to protect the integrity of science itself.
According to the Natal Academic Press (1999),
promotion of integrity in the research
environment is about institutional culture and
behavior, as well as the professional
performance of individuals. We argue and
propose that research integrity be viewed
positively, from an educational or
developmental perspective rather than from a
regulatory perspective. We believe that only
positive messages will assist researchers in their
endeavour to maintain research integrity all the
time.
Bolton, (2002: 101) proposes the following
aspects of integrity during the conduct of
research. These are grouped together as follows:
• Childhood socialization. As young children we
acquire a moral sense of right and wrong. It is
expected that as professionals we will accept the
professional standards about data falsification,
fabrication and plagiarism.
• Scientific socialization. Student‘s are
socialized through education and training of
acceptable standards of conducting research.
• Collegial and professional norms. This
involves mentoring of junior researchers and
postgraduate students.
• Workplace norms, values and incentives. The
workplace ‗culture‖ will influence the attitude
and the ways in which the rules and standards
about research integrity are managed (Bolton,
2002:19)
We support Bolton on these aspects. We further
argue that the scientific community is another
aspect that can play a crucial role in research
integrity promotion. We believe that the concept
‗scientific community‘ needs further exploration
as well, since scientific ethics forms the basis of
research integrity or misconduct.
Research misconduct is concerned with
fabricating, falsifying, plagiarizing, or any other
practices that seriously deviate from standard
acceptable within the scholarly scientific
community in proposing, conducting and
reporting research (University of California, Los
Angeles Policy 993,1998). The White House
Office of Science and Technology (OSTP),
defined misconduct as: ―fabrication, falsification
or plagiarism in proposing performing or
reviewing research or in reporting research
results”. The policy also states that findings of
misconduct require that there be significant
departure from acceptable practice. It also states
that allegations be proven by a preponderance of
evidence.
It also makes reporting of misconduct to be the
primary responsibility of the institution where
research is conducted (Guenin 1999:340). Most
definitions on misconduct highlight the
following errors:
• Fabrication: This is defined as making up
results and recording and reporting them with a
deliberate intent to deceive thus disregarding the
accepted scientific practice. It also involves
changing (manipulating) data or experiments or
the conditions to make results ―fit‖ the
hypothesis (Guenin: 1999:342). Other
temptations in research may be failure to report
research findings that contradict those being
reported and failure to report personal interest
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that the researcher may have in the outcome of
the research.
• Falsification: Manipulating research materials,
equipment, or process or changing or omitting
data or results such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record
(Guenin: 1999:342).
• Plagiarism: Appropriation of another person‘s
ideas, processes, results or words without giving
appropriate credit, including those obtained from
confidential review of others‘ research proposals
and manuscripts. Researchers may also steal
data from students, colleagues, and proteges.
Plagiarism includes stealing own work or failure
to reference own prior work (King and
Anderson, 1999; Swazey, 1993).
In our opinions and those of King and Anderson
(1999); Swazey (1993); UCLA Policy (1998),
research misconduct does not include honest
error or difference of opinion or different
interpretation of data.
6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.1 Type and Nature of Research: This is an
exploratory research. By nature it‘s treated as
qualitative research.
6.2 Sources of Data: Here only secondary
sources of data have been used. No primary data
have been used for this study.
6.3 Data Process and Analysis: Since this is a
qualitative and exploratory research there is no
statistical software been used. For data
processing and arranging Microsoft word has
been used.
6.4 Limitations of the Study: This is basically
an essay type paper. Although it is an essay type
paper here it‘s tried to use as much as authentic
data possible. Every data and information have
been tried to collect from only internet based
various sources. However, there is no observed
data through primary survey.
7. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF THE
FINDINGS
The discussion and analysis of the research
findings are exhibited below.
7.1 Potential Approaches to Promote
Research Integrity
To promote integrity in research we should use
and follow some necessary initiatives or
approaches. The ESF MO Forum undertook in
2010 a survey of attempts to promote GRP that
found a number of successful approaches:
Producing and disseminating articles,
books, brochures on research integrity;
Producing and promoting guidelines on
good research practice and on
investigations of allegations of research
misconduct;
Establishing websites and portals as
resources for further study and teaching;
Holding workshops, conferences,
seminars, etc. on research integrity at
the national or institutional level in
order to launch debates;
Establishing an adequate institutional
framework, including ethical
committees, research integrity bureaus
at the institutional and national level);
Introducing training programmes for
advanced PhD students and other staff;
Gathering of evidence on best practice
elsewhere (surveys, etc.);
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Surveys to monitor the implementation
of GRP and training programmes.
7.2 Research Misconduct and Integrity Issues
in a developing country like Bangladesh
Progress in science & technology and other
aspects have not come without growing pains.
Like the U.S., Australia, Canada, China and
many other countries, Bangladesh has had its
share of research misconduct scandals. In the
early 1990s, some scholars began to express
concerns about deviations from academic norms
in universities in Bangladesh. By the late 1990s,
research journals in Bangladesh became alarmed
about ethical problems with published research,
especially plagiarism. In 1996, several cases of
copying large portions of published papers drew
the attention of scientists and the national
media. In a developing country, there are some
wholesale plagiarism is available who encourage
to republishing someone else‘s article under a
different name. To prevent those issues need to
develop a code of conduct or guideline for
research or research approach to combat
plagiarism and other types of misconduct. The
code also included some rules to protect the
rights of authors.
Of course, the situation in most settings is more
complex, typically, more than one approach is
adopted across institutions and national bodies at
the same time, as the same actors perform in
different functions. The differing size of
countries will also have implications for the
approaches adopted. It may be easier or more
accepted to have a ‗national system‘ of research
integrity governance in smaller countries e.g.
Bangladesh, whereas in bigger countries with
very large and powerful institutions and
universities it may be more difficult to reach
consensus about appropriate approaches to
research integrity governance. Yet, the typology
does serve to illustrate the existing heterogeneity
of approaches in both academic and government
systems across the continent and beyond, and
the need for measures to ensure compatibility.
7.3 Challenges or Barriers of Research
Integrity in a Developing Country like
Bangladesh
The challenge in developing a framework for
research integrity governance is that it must be
both compatible with diverse legal national
contexts, translating globally accepted principles
into national policy and practice, and correspond
to the fundamental ethical guidelines that
scientists and scholars set for themselves. In
what follows, the focus will be on the challenges
presented by the task of reconciling fundamental
(and global) principles with nationally
applicable legal and institutional contexts. The
guiding thought is to enable flexibility and
compatibility of structures in different settings
without making compromises with regard to the
principles to be upheld.
Promoting the integrity of science systems may
face many fundamentally different challenges in
developing countries, and in countries in
transition or emerging economies (ESF/ORI
Science Policy Briefing 30 (2007). Yet, given
the increasingly close research collaboration
between all these different classes of science
systems, there is scope and need to enhance all
existing systems: the first step implies
identifying and adopting the core elements
already present, and which nations and
institutions should set as benchmarks for
aspirations to improve their current research
integrity governance structures.
7.3.1 Research Policy Development: Most of
the policies developed by research organizations
have focused on defining and investigating
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misconduct. While misconduct is by far the most
important issue that needs to be addressed to
promote research integrity, other issues also
merit attention, such as conflicts of interest, data
sharing, authorship, and mentoring of students.
Though developing clear and effective policies
on research integrity might seem to be a simple
and straightforward task, often it is not. For
example, it took the U.S. government more than
ten years to finalize a uniform policy on research
misconduct, and there is considerable variation
in the conflict of interest policies adopted by
U.S. universities.
7.3.2 Ensure Accountability and
Transparency: It is very much difficult to
ensure accountability and transparency in
research if the researcher doesn‘t like to be.
Although government can develop a policy to
encourage integrity in research but
accountability is challenging issues. However,
government and other research authority should
develop some system e.g. rewards to encourage
and e.g. punishment to discourage them to be
accountable and transparent. Although it‘s
challenging but it could be make possible.
7.3.3 Setting and Maintaining National
Mandate: The experience of countries in which
a national oversight or governance structure has
been developed suggests that there is a need for
a clear and authoritative national statement to
underpin research integrity governance
structures. This can take the form of a charter or
of legislative support. In devising such a
mandate countries can draw on the experiences
of others which have already addressed this
element, such as Denmark and Norway. In
countries in which no national debates have been
held yet, the awareness raising processes
referred to in the work of WG1 might aim at
building alliances between the scientific
communities and the main authorities governing
the national science system.
7.3.4 Fair and Transparent Processes: It‘s a
challenge for making the process fair and
transparent. Processes advertised to denounce
and to deal with suspected cases of scientific
misconduct at both local and national level must
be fair and transparent. Otherwise there is a risk
that stakeholders will refrain from accepting the
authority of and cooperation with the relevant
institutional actors. It is critical to strive for a
balance between prevention and sanction.
7.3.5 Responsibility for Managing Processes:
It‘s the another challenging job is to assign the
responsibility for managing the process. Roles
and responsibilities for prevention, investigation
and imposition of sanctions need to be clearly
assigned at both local and/or national level.
7.3.6 Lack of University Oversight
Mechanisms for Dealing with Misconduct:
Basically, university plays an important role in
research aspect, especially in a developing
country. They provide reviewing mechanism for
dealing with research misconduct etc. But in our
country there is a lack of proper oversight or
reviewing mechanism for dealing with research
misconduct.
7.3.7 Pressure to Publish: Perhaps the most
difficult challenge any nation faces concerning
research integrity is cultivating a research
environment that encourages ethical behavior.
The research environment includes attitudes,
traditions, and norms that influence the practice
of science. The pressure to produce results has
played a significant role in misconduct problems
in the U.S., South Korea, Europe, China, and in
Bangladesh. In the U.S. and Europe, scientists
must produce results and publish in order to
obtain (or maintain) research funding. In
Bangladesh, performance in research (or lack
thereof) can impact many areas including salary,
promotion, and social benefits. Even graduate
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students face the pressure to publish, since most
universities require that students publish articles
as a condition of receiving a PhD. Like China,
Bangladesh has taken some steps to reduce the
pressure to achieve results. Some universities
now emphasize the quality of published research
rather than the quantity of research in their
evaluations of faculty. This reform, though
helpful, can be difficult to achieve because there
is a strong tendency to measure scientific
performance in terms of the quantity of
publications or citation score.
7.3.8 Conflicts of Interest: It is also important
to address conflicts of interest pertaining to
funding and publication and other important
decisions to promote an ethical research
environment. U.S. granting agencies have
adopted rules to prevent personal relationships
between applicants and reviewers from biasing
the review process. In Bangladesh, personal
relationships have affected government
decisions, such as the review of research grants,
for many years. Bangladesh has made some
headway on this problem by taking steps to
promote fairness and transparency in hiring
decisions and peer review, but more work may
need to be done.
7.3.9 Protecting Whistle-Blowers: Protecting
whistle-blowers from retaliation is another
important challenge facing Bangladesh and
many other countries, including the U.S, China.
Countries with laws protecting whistle-blowers,
such as the U.S., the U.K., Canada, the
Netherlands and Germany, still have problems
with encouraging people to report misconduct
and other transgressions in research, because
people fear that they will face career-threatening
consequences of blowing the whistle, such as
being blackballed or developing a reputation as a
troublemaker. Many U.S. researchers avoid
reporting illegal or unethical activity because
they simply want to avoid the hassle of
testifying in a misconduct inquiry or
investigation. Additionally, some universities
have institutional norms that encourage people
to cover-up or ignore problems to avoid
embarrassing the institution. As a result, a large
percentage of misconduct that occurs in U.S.
research may not be reported. Like the U.S.,
China and other countries, Bangladesh has also
had some difficulties with encouraging whistle-
blowers to report violations of ethical or legal
rules. Lack of legal protections for whistle-
blowers is one reason why many misconduct
investigations in Bangladesh have been based on
anonymous tips.
7.3.10 Research Auditing: A step beyond
supporting whistle-blowing that institutions can
take is to routinely audit research data. Auditing
can be more effective at preventing and
detecting violations of ethical or legal rules than
whistle-blowing, because people often do not
report problems that they know about or
observe. Auditing can not only uncover major
problems, such as misconduct, but it can also
expose minor ones, such as errors and
irregularities in recording data. Auditing is a
common practice in research sponsored by
pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies,
because the companies want to produce data that
regulatory agencies will accept, and problems
with the data can cost companies time and
money. Auditing is less common in research that
is not supported by industry, because auditing
costs a significant amount of money, and
universities often cannot afford to pay people to
audit research. Also, academic researchers may
not want to share their research records with an
outside party.
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7.4 Opportunities and scope of Research
Integrity in a Developing Country
In a developing country like Bangladesh only
problems, challenges, or barriers will be
available it‘s not true all time. There are some
potentials or opportunities also available in
regard to the research aspects. The following
potentials or opportunities might be come.
7.4.1 Promotion of Research on Research
Integrity: Prevention of research misconduct is
the ultimate goal. In developed country there are
lots of research works available of this topic but
in developing country like Bangladesh there are
not enough such research activities available.
But we have immense opportunities to do so.
Scholarly research is the tool for understanding
misconduct and improper research practices and
the reasons behind them. Coupled with this is
the need to encourage the publication of such
studies of both policy issues and scientific
behavior. Both research and its literature will
facilitate greater attention from relevant
stakeholders. To prevent research misconduct,
we need to know more about research integrity.
Funding bodies, politicians, academies,
universities, ESF, ENRIO, journal editors and
researchers themselves should all be involved in
promoting studies of research integrity. Many
countries may share common values, but local
culture and values should also be respected
when providing recommendations.
7.4.2 Open Communication: Open
communication is also essential for promoting
integrity in research. Openness plays a key role
in collaboration, publication, peer review,
criticism, replication, the evaluation of
government projects and industry activities, and
in making decisions about social issues, such as
global warming, preparing for natural disasters,
or food safety. Interference in scientific
communication—by the government or private
industry—can undermine the integrity of science
in many different ways. Restrictions on
communication may prevent researchers from
publishing important results, reporting illegal or
unethical activities, conducting some types of
controversial research, or engaging in debates
about ethical issues. Bangladesh, like China, has
taken some steps toward promoting openness in
scientific communication in recent years—the
internet has provided a useful outlet for
discussion and debate—but additional steps may
be necessary.
7.4.3 Open Government: Open government
also helps to promote research integrity because
it involves researchers, scientists and citizens in
the country‘s decision-making. Important
decisions about science, such as funding
priorities and research policies, as well as
decisions that are informed by science, such as
food and drug safety or environmental
protection, should be open for public comment
and review. Open government is necessary so
that researchers, scientists etc. can take part in
the decisions that can affect the country‘s
research agenda and the quality and integrity of
research. For example, if the government plans
to adopt a new policy concerning the use of
human subjects in research, scientists and
citizens should be informed about the policy and
should help to craft it. If the government is
considering a plan to shift resources toward an
expensive scientific project, such as building a
new supercollider, scientists and citizens also
need to take part in that decision.
It is sorry to say that, for many years,
Bangladesh government was far from open.
Important decisions were made in secret, and the
public had little input into government policies.
The government also has kept other countries
from learning about events taking place in
Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh government
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has become much more open in recent years, it
can go further.
7.4.4 Formation of Research Association:
There is a great opportunity to form a strong
research association consist of government
body, university scholars and subject experts
from civil societies, who will create a research
policy, guideline, rules and regulations, manage
the oversight & reviewing system, control the
plagiarism, misconduct, data falsification etc.
7.4.5 Promote Academic Ethics: From our
school, college and university level we should
encourage our students to maintain academic
ethics. If we can lean them what is ethics,
integrity, misconduct, and its good side and bad
side as well as its punishment then we can say
our next generation must be aware of research
integrity. We can do it easily in our country.
7.4.6 Ensure that Procedures for
Investigation are Legally Robust: To prevent
research misconduct investigation procedures
must be legally robust. Every country should
have standardized procedures for reviewing the
research work. In Bangladesh there is lots of
scholars earned knowledge from developed
countries. Therefore, there is an opportunity to
utilize their expert knowledge to set and ensure
the procedures for investigating the research
misconduct etc.
7.4.7 Decide on levels of Appeal: There is no
opportunity for appeal for defense against
his/her claims. As in all legal and quasi-legal
proceedings, there should be an instance of
appeal. There is an opportunity to set
permissibility of appeals, the types of appeals,
for example concerning either the scientific or
the procedural elements of an investigation, and
the processes for appeal should be clearly stated
in any procedures. If it is established it give us a
transparent system in research aspect.
7.4.8 Creating and Using Anti-Plagiarism
Software: This is called age of science and
technology. We are growing fast in many
aspects. Our concern authority should highly
emphasize on the research investment. If we can
do that we may get high quality research and
thus development will be occurred. For that we
have to be honest and produce genuine research.
To prevent research misconduct, plagiarism our
concern authority should create appropriate anti-
plagiarism software to catch the illegal one.
There is a great opportunity to do so.
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
Integrity should be maintained in every aspects
of our life although there are some drawbacks
remained. To overcome such challenges or
drawbacks the following recommendations
might be adopted and followed.
More emphasis needs to be placed on
prevention, so that whatever processes
are adopted will be perceived as
supportive of a system to ensure good
research practice and not as isolated
punitive action.
Appropriate authority e.g. government,
other research institutes should take a
master plan to develop a research policy
that must ensure accountability and
transparency.
Research body should establish special
mechanisms for oversight, review, and
manage the whole process so that
misconduct might be minimized or
removed.
University and/ or other relevant
organizations where research practices
are welcomed should allocate enough
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time to produce a quality research work.
If the researchers get relax from
―pressure to publish‖ they must produce
a high quality research without doing
any research misconduct like plagiarism
etc. Or their performance evaluation
system should not be on the basis of
quantity of paper rather it should be on
the basis of quality of paper.
Research Audit should be implemented
if possible. Because it is a very good
endeavor to avoid research misconduct,
plagiarism, falsification, stealing of
other works etc.
Moreover, government should be open
in this regard. Open communication
should be ensured to promote research/
academic ethics. And finally we can
recommend that a good & strong legal
entity/ body should be established to
manage the investigation, appeal, if any,
against misconduct.
9. CONCLUSIONS
Good research is ultimately based on trust – trust
between research colleagues and between
academic institutions and industry, and the trust
of the public and policy makers in the research
community. Without such trust, the research
system would quickly flounder. Trust in science
and scholarship needs to be a priority for all
nations and institutions. The research
community needs to be able to apply good
research practice and has to be prepared to deal
with situations when there are suspicions of
misconduct. Waiting for a serious case of
misconduct to prompt such action is short-
sighted and risks undermining the standing of
science in society. Protecting research integrity,
without stifling research creativity, is a constant
learning process. The deliberations of the ESF
MO Forum also suggest that there is no ‗one size
fits all‘ framework of research integrity
governance that can be readily applied across all
European countries. Science organizations and
research institutions in each country should
discuss and develop their own research integrity
governance structures, suited to the country‘s
size, resources and research infrastructures.
Regardless of the approach adopted in particular
countries or institutions, sharing experience is
extremely important. It can help to provide easy
access to best practice locally, nationally and
internationally; the pooling of knowledge and
experiences will build up a body of data on the
extent of research misconduct and measures to
deal with and prevent the phenomenon, locally,
nationally, and beyond. Networks offer an
invaluable international forum for practitioners
to share their experiences and to identify and
debate issues around research integrity
governance. Other tools for information sharing
include the establishment of a web site or other
public forum to capture good quality
documentation on GRP and guidelines, etc. This
could also include presentation of misconduct
scenarios as an educational tool for researchers.
In summary, there is a balance to be struck
between promotion of GRP and prevention of
misconduct on the one hand, and investigation
and punishment of misconduct on the other.
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