There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
Immature stages of insects and Its types (Classification)Mogili Ramaiah
Life cycle of an insect can be complete or incomplete which posses different stages in the biology. If it is complete metamorphosis, it consists of egg, larvae, pupa and adult or incomplete metamorphosis with egg, nymph and adult. In the case of insects with complete development show complete metamorphosis with all immature stages that vary in size, shape and form or structure i.e., egg larvae and pupae differing each individually. Hence, different types of egg, larvae and pupae are described in this PPT (Basic Classification)
Immature stages of insects and Its types (Classification)Mogili Ramaiah
Life cycle of an insect can be complete or incomplete which posses different stages in the biology. If it is complete metamorphosis, it consists of egg, larvae, pupa and adult or incomplete metamorphosis with egg, nymph and adult. In the case of insects with complete development show complete metamorphosis with all immature stages that vary in size, shape and form or structure i.e., egg larvae and pupae differing each individually. Hence, different types of egg, larvae and pupae are described in this PPT (Basic Classification)
Botanicals:
Toxicants or chemicals derived from plants parts like leaves, stems,
roots, seeds etc which are used in insect pest and disease control
Ex. Neem products, Nicotine, Ryania, Rotenone and Pyrethrum
A botanical pesticide is a type of bio pesticide formulation made up of
crude plant extracts or purified compound of plant species for
managing pest and diseases.
• Extracted from plants
• Broad spectrum pesticides
• Low environmental persistence
• Low residual value
• Degrade very fast under the sunlight
Advantages:
• Do not leave harmful residues
• Cheaper than chemical
• Safe to user, environment and non target sp.
• Safe for insect enemies – predator, parasitoids
• Prevent resistance and resurgence
Disadvantages:
• Not true pesticides
• Readily degraded by UV rays or sunlight
• Slow speed of action
• High specificity
• Effective period is less – low self life
Berseem, known as king of fodder crops, is popular among livestock farmers of the world. It belongs to the clover group and internationally famous as Egyptian Clover. Botanically it is known as
Trifolium alexandrinum L. Berseem is one of the oldest cultivated clovers, domesticated in Egypt and later introduced into many other parts of the world. It is now widespread in the irrigated regions
of west and south Asia. Among the berseem growing countries, India is having highest area under berseem with around 2 million ha followed by Egypt (1.1 million ha) and Pakistan (0.71 million ha)
Introduction
Forage Quality
Global and Indian Scenario
Taxonomy
Types of Berseem
Habit
Floral Biology
Origin
Distribution
Soil and Climate
Breeding Objectives
Limitations
Future Prospects
Consultative group on International agriculture reseach, is a global partnership that unites international organizations engaged in research about food security. CGIAR research aims to reduce rural poverty, increase food security, improve human health and nutrition, and sustainable management of natural resources.
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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1. Insect LARVAE
• There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
2. 1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
3. b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
4. 2) POLYPOD OR ERUCIFORM:
• The body consists of an elongate trunk with large sclerotised
head capsule.
• Head bears a pair of powerful mandibles which tear up vegetation.
Two groups of single lensed eyes found on either side of the head
constitute the visual organs.
• The antenna is short.
• Three pairs of thoracic legs and upto five pairs of unjointed
abdominal legs or prologs are present.
• Thoracic legs are segmented and they end in claws which are used
for holding typically bears rows or circlet of short hooked spines or
crochets which are useful in clinging to the exposed surface of
vegetation and walking.
• Abdominal segments three to six and ten typically bear prologs.
• Eg: caterpillar (larvae of moths and butterflies)
5. a) Hairy caterpillar:
• The body hairs may be dense, sparse or arranged in tufts.
• Hairs may cause irritation, when touched.
• Eg: Red hairy caterpillar
6. b) Slug caterpillar:
• larva is thick, short, stout and fleshy.
• Larval head is small and retractile.
• Thoracic legs are minute.
• Abdominal legs are absent.
• Abdominal segmentation is indistinct.
• Larva has poisonous spines called scoli distributed all over the
body. (also called platyform larva)
7. c) Semilooper:
• either three or four pairs of prologs are present.
• Prologs are either wanting or rudimentaly in either third or
third and fourth abdominal segments.
• Eg: Castor semilooper
8. d) Looper:
• They are also called measuring worm or earth measurer or
inch worm.
• only two pairs of prologs are present in sixth and tenth
abdominal segments.
• Eg: Daincha looper.
9. 3) APODOUS
• They are larvae without appendages for locomotion.
• Based on the degree of development and sclerotization
of head capsule, there are three subtypes.
1. Eucephalous
2. Hemicephalous
3. Acephalous
10. a) Eucephalous:
• larva with well developed head capsule with functional
mandibles, maxillae, stemmata and antennae.
• Mandibles act transversely.
• Eg: Wriggler (larva of mosquito) and grub of red palm weevil.
11. b) Hemicephalous:
• Head capsule is reduced and can be with drawn into thorax.
• Mandibles act vertically.
• Eg: Larva of horse fly and robber fly.
12. c) Acephalous:
• Head capsule is absent.
• Mouth parts consists of a pair of protrusible curved mouth
hooks and associated internal sclerites.
• They are also called vermiform larvae.
• Eg: maggot (larva of housefly)