This document discusses the physiology of the integument and moulting process in insects. It begins by defining physiology and the integument, which is the exoskeleton or body wall of insects. It then describes the structure of the cuticle, which makes up the integument, and its various layers. The document outlines the process of moulting, which is controlled by hormones like ecdysone and juvenile hormone. It explains each step of moulting from behavioral changes to shedding the old cuticle. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
the presentation will help you learn more about how the insect eyes really work in field conditions and more over for the better understanding you can take help from from book: THE INSECTS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION byR.F.CHAPMAN.....as the contents of my presentation are from that book only.....
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
the presentation will help you learn more about how the insect eyes really work in field conditions and more over for the better understanding you can take help from from book: THE INSECTS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION byR.F.CHAPMAN.....as the contents of my presentation are from that book only.....
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Structure of integument its function, moulting.pptxvineetha43
Slide 1
Insect body wall is called as Integument or Exoskeleton.
It is the external covering of the body which is ectodermal in origin
It is rigid, flexible, lighter and stronger
Slide 2
Structure of body wall consists of an outer non cellular part (cuticle), an inner cellular layer (epidermis), basement membrane
Epidermis - It is an inner unicellular layer resting on basement membrane
It’s functions:
i. Cuticle secretion &
Secretion of moulting fluids
ii. Digestion and absorption of old cuticle
iii. Wound repairing
iv. Gives surface look, protection, muscle attachment
v. Water-tight barrier against desiccation, and a sensory interface with environment.
Slide 3
Cuticle - It is an outer non cellular layer comprising three sub layers Sub layers of cuticle
i. Endocuticle
Innermost and thickest layer made up of chitin and arthropodin. This layer is colourless, soft and flexible
ii. Exocuticle
Outer layer, much thicker & harden with composition of chitin and sclerotin. This layer is dark in colour and rigid
Insect body wall: It’s structure,cuticular outgrowth, colouration and special...N.m.c.a
Insect body wall: It’s structure,cuticular outgrowth, colouration and special integumentary structures in insects with their functions and modification in different orders of insects.
Anatomy and elementary physiology of integumentry systems of insectsMrpsyco
This presentation include anatomy and physiology of integumentry system of insects ,which will include the process of formation of integumentry system.
For further detail go to my u tube channel below :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6MjWQizJJ5BQwX2kl34mWg
and another channel for similar biology vedios is below:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVizmJmI_Asn7x1Ttv_v_QA
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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1. ENT 502 Insect Anatomy, Physiology and Nutrition
Course Teachers : Dr. S. Raguraman Ph.D (Associate
professor)
Present By
Logeswaran V
2020505014
I M.Sc Entomology
Physiology of Integuments and
Moulting in Insects
2. • Physiology is concerned with functions of organism
and its parts. Greek word-
‘physio’ means ‘physical (working/function)’
‘logy’ means study.
Integument:
Body wall or exoskeleton.
Ectodermal in origin.
4. • The cuticle consists of the outer non-chitinous
Epicuticle and the inner chitinous Procuticle.
Epicuticle:
Four sub layers, viz.
(i) Tectocuticle or cement layer
(ii) wax layer
(iii) Polyphenol layer
(iv) Cuticulin layer.
5. • Procuticle:
The procuticle is differentiated in to Exocuticle and
Endocuticle.
i. Endocuticle: Innermost and
thickest layer. Made up of
chitin and arthropodin. This
layer is colourless, soft and
flexible.
ii. Exocuticle: Outer layer, much
thicker with the composition
of chitin and sclerotin. This
layer is dark in colour and
rigid.
6. • Cuticle is composed of the following constituents:
Chitin
Proteins
Lipids
Polyphenols
Cuticular enzymes
Cuticular pigments
Water
Inorganic salts - Lime is deposited in cuticle in a few
aquatic insects.
7. • Nitrogenous polysaccharide named by Odier (1823).
• It is water insoluble but soluble in dilute acids, alkalies and organic
solvents.
• Made of long chains of acetylated glucosamine residues
N-Acetyl glucosamine (C8H13O5N)n
• Adjacent chains are held together by β –glycosidic linkages.
1-4 -linkage
N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine
glucosamine
Ranges from 25-55%
8. Proteins are of 3 types:
Arthropodin : Water-soluble protein found in the endocuticle.
Untanned, elastic protein.
Resilin: Rubber-like protein occurs as colourless cuticular
ligament such as wing-hinge ligament, clpeo-labral suture, etc.
Elastic in nature.
Sclerotin: Tanned protein. Occurs in the exocuticle. It is in fact
tanned athropodin. Water insoluble.
Ranges from 25- 37%
These are mostly contained in the wax layers of the epicuticle,
which average about 30 monolayers of wax molecules.
9. • Polyphenols and their quinone derivates play a role in
hardening and darkening (sclerotization) of the cuticle.
• The best known cuticular enzyme is “Tyrosinase enzyme system”
responsible for oxidation of tyrosine.
• For digestion of old cuticle the moulting fluid contains chitinase
(for digestion of protein and carbohydrate part of cuticle).
•These are metabolic products of substances ingested
with food.
e.g: Melanins, Carotenoids and Pterines
10. • A single layer of epidermal cells which are differentiated in to
(i) Ordinary epidermal cells
(ii) Specialized epidermal cells forming the dermal glands
(iii) Large occasional cells as well as the oenocytes
• It is a thin inner limiting
membrane on the under
surface of the epidermis
formed by its secretion or
by certain dead blood
cells.
11. Composed of Chitin –Strong, rigid, and flexible.
Provides large area for muscle attachment.
Conserves water, minimizes water loss and hence
prevents desiccation.
Prevents mechanical injury.
Protective Coloration.
Act as a tool for various activities like digging,
oviposition, and preying.
Gives physical strength without making the insect
body heavier.
12.
13. • Periodical process of shedding the old cuticle
accompanied by the formation of new cuticle
is known as moulting or ecdysis.
• Exuvia: The cuticular parts discarded during
moulting is known as exuvia.
• Stadium: The time interval between the two
subsequent moulting is called as stadium.
• Instar: The form assumed by the insect in any
stadium is called as instar.
15. Behavioral changes
Larvae stops feeding & become inactive.
Changes in Epidermis
Cell size increase, Activities enhanced. Proteins &
Enzyme contents increase and thus tention cause loosening
the cuticle
Detachment of cuticle from epidermis is occurred.
1
2
3 Apolysis
16. Formation of sub cuticular space
In this stage the space is formed in sub cuticular area.
Secretion of Gel
Secretion of moulting gel in to sub cuticular space that
is rich in chitinase and protease.
New epicuticle layer formation
Cuticulin layers is laid on epidermis.
Pro cuticle layer formation
Pro cuticle layer is formed below epicuticle.
4
5
6
7
17.
18. Activation of molting gel
The gel is converting into molting fluid and digest and
absorbed the endo cuticle.
Wax layer formation
In this stage the wax layer is formed.
Cement layer formation
Dermal gland produce cement layer.
8
9
10
19. Rupturing of old cuticle
As the water and air is absorbed and thus pressure is
generated by blood to head and thorax and “ecdysial line”
rupturing take place.
Moulting involved in 2 steps
Moulting
Removal of old cuticle
Due to peristaltic movement of the body and
Lubricant action of molting fluid helps in removal.
11
1
2
20. Formation of exo cuticle
The outer layer of pro cuticle develops as
exocuticle through adittion of protein and
tanning by Bursicon hormone.
Formation of endo cuticle
The below layer of pro cuticle develops as
endocuticle. This layer increase in thickness.
12
13
23. Corpora allata secretes Juvenile hormone (JH) or
Neotinin, there by inhibit metamorphosis. This CA
hormone(s) is therefore sometimes also called as
“Inhibitory or Status Quo” Hormone.
Corpora allata glands were discovered by JANET
during 1899.
JH first extracted from the abdomen of Hyalophora
cercopia (Moth).
JUVENILE HORMONE/NEOTININ
24. Neurosecretory hormone that controls Tanning or
Sclerotization and mechanical properties of the cuticle
during and after a moult.
Found in most ganglia of the CNS.
Bursicon:
Ecdysone / Moulting hormone/ Ecdysteriod
Neurosecretory cells activate prothoracic glands to secrete
ECDYSONE.
First experimental proof about the importance of
Prothoracic glands was provided by a Japanese worker,
Fukuda 1940 while working with silkworm.
