Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. It commonly develops in children and young adults. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing high blood sugar levels or the presence of glucose in the urine. Treatment requires lifelong insulin injections via syringes or insulin pumps to control blood sugar levels, as well as following a regulated diet and exercise plan. Without proper treatment, type 1 diabetes can be life-threatening.

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Type-1 Diabetes
(diabetes mellitus)
Chelsey Geiger

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Cause
 Virus: Pancreas may become infected, which reduces or
destroys its ability to produce insulin
 Auto Immune Disorder: the body's own immune system
destroys beta (insulin-producing) cells, mistaking them for a
virus
 Stress: the onset of diabetes may be triggered by one or more
forms of stress in the body

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Transmission & Who Gets It
 Genetics:
 Tends to develop in people with family history of disorder
 Parents can pass on characteristics that predispose their children to
develop it
 Risk increases with number of relatives affected,
 If father has it, 5-10% chance; if mother has it, 2-5% chance
 Who:
 Children or adolescents
 Usually under 30
 Often thin or normal body weight
 NOT COMMUNICABLE!!!

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Etiology
No Incubation Period!!!
Onset of Symptoms:
 Usually Sudden
 Very Apparent

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Signs and Symptoms
 Extreme thirst
 Frequent urination
 Drowsiness or lethargy
 Sugar in urine
 Sudden vision changes
 Increased appetite
 Sudden weight loss
 Fruity, sweet, or wine-like odor on breath
 Heavy, labored breathing
 Stupor
 Unconsciousness

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Diagnosis and Tests
 Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test
 Blood test that indicates average blood sugar level for past 2-3 months
 Measures percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the
oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
 Higher the blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin with sugar attached
 A1C Level of 6.5 or Higher (on 2 separate tests): Diabetes
 Between 6 and 6.5: Pre-Diabetes, at high risk of developing diabetes

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Diagnosis and Tests (Cont’d)
(If A1C Test is Unavailable)
 Random Blood Sugar Test:
 Blood Sample taken at a random
time
 Blood Sugar: milligrams/deciliter
or millimoles/liter
 random blood sugar level of 200
mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher:
suggests diabetes, especially
when coupled with any of the
signs and symptoms of diabetes,
such as frequent urination and
extreme thirst
 Fasting Blood Sugar Test:
 Blood sample taken after
overnight fast
 fasting blood sugar level less than
100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L): normal
 fasting blood sugar level from 100
to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L):
Pre-Diabetes
 fasting blood sugar level of 126
mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on 2
separate tests: Diabetes

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Which Type and How Long?
 Blood Tests: to check for autoantibodies that are common in
type 1 diabetes
 Presence of ketones (byproducts from the breakdown of fat) in
urine: suggests type 1 diabetes
 CHRONIC
 NO CURE
 When you get it, it doesn’t go away

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Pathophysiology
 How is Body Affected and What
Part?:
 Beta Cells in Pancreas attacked
and destroyed by immune system
 Beta Cells normally produce
insulin, a hormone that helps the
body move the glucose contained
in food into cells throughout the
body, which use it for energy
 When Beta Cells destroyed, no
insulin can be produced, and the
glucose stays in the blood
instead, where it can cause
serious damage to all the organ
systems of the body
 Pre-Diagnosis:
 Physical Exhaustion: cells are
deprived of energy since glucose
cannot enter them
 Hunger: body senses lack of
glucose and craves more food
 Excessive Urination: kidneys
begin to work extra hard to
eliminate some of excess sugar
by expelling it through urine
 Thirst: body becomes
dehydrated, craving more fluid

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Prognosis and Treatment
 Insulin Injections:
 Injected beneath the skin into the body's tissues from 1 to 3 times a
day (sometimes more often)
 Blood-sugar levels monitored by taking a simple blood test 1 or
more times a day
 Diet:
 Amount of carbs and sugar eaten during the day is controlled
 Goal to match the amount of glucose entering the body to the
amount of insulin injected
 Keep track of how much food is eaten and when it is eaten
 Exercise:
 Essential to good health
 Physical activity appears to help muscle cells take up and use sugar
even when low levels of insulin are in blood
 Helps keep cells nourished and blood-glucose levels normal

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Prognosis and Treatment (Cont’d)
 Insulin Pumps:
 Small pumping devices that are worn outside the body
 Contains a syringe reservoir that one fills with insulin
 A small, flexible tube connects the reservoir to a catheter, which is
inserted under the skin of the abdomen
 The pump is programmed to disperse the desired amount of insulin
 A diabetic person who decides to use an insulin pump goes through
training on how to use their pump
 CAN’T BE PREVENTED
 CAN BE TERMINAL WITHOUT THE PROPER TREATMENT

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