IN THIS PRESENTATION, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO FIND INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPLICATIONS AND PREVENTION'S TO BE TAKEN.THE MOST COMMONLY ASKED AND TIPS DURING PREGNANCY FOR PREGNANT WOMEN IS AVAILABLE.THIS ALMOST IS BASIC FOR THE NEW.THE STAGES OF FETUS IS EXPLAINED IN DETAIL WITH THE IMAGES ILLUSTRATED.IT MAY ALSO BE HELPFUL FOR THE HEALTH WORKER'S, NURSES, CARETAKER.THE COMPLETE BASIC OF COMPLICATIONS CAN BE UNDERSTOOD

1. DEPT. OF HOME SCIENCE

2. COMPLETED UNDER GUIDANCE
OF DR. B. RAJITHA DEVI MAM

3. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

4. PREGNANCY

5. PREGNANCY
 Pregnancy is a period in which utmost care is
necessary in order to safeguard the health of the
prospective mother and the unborn child.
 Any danger sign must be recognized immediately
and appropriate care taken to prevent later
complications of pregnancy which could be
dangerous for both the mother and the child.

6. PRE-NATAL
DEVELOPMENT

7. HOW NEW LIFE BEGINS?
 The sperm of male and egg of female unite
together and form a single cell which
develops to an individual.
 According to rough estimation,3000 genes
are present in each chromosome.
 In sperm, out of 23 chromosomes, 22 are
similar and other is dissimilar. This is quite
opposite to female.

8. CONCEPTION
 Ovulation: After every 28 days of menstrual
cycle, ovulation takes place. Ovum is the
largest cell in the body. It is 1/175 inches
diameter.
 The immobile ovum journeys through oviduct
by ciliated columnar epithelium.
 The fertilization occurs in oviduct in a period of
10-24 hrs.

9. TWINS
 This is due to multiple ovulations in the
same cycle.
 Two ova are united with sperm at same
time separately and developed
independently.
 There are 2 types of twins-
 Monozygotic twins- The twins look alike i.e.,
identical to each other.
 Dizygotic twins- The twins look don't alike
i.e., not identical to each other.

10. STAGES OF PRENATAL PERIOD
 Period of ovum - 0 to 2 wks
 Period of embryo - 2 to 8 wks
 Period of fetus - 8wks to birth

11. PERIOD OF OVUM – 0 TO 2 wks
 This is the period of development from fertilization.
 This period lasts until the second week of conception.
 The first cell division takes place between 24-60 hrs.
 By third day a solid ball morula is formed with 3
distinct layer and a cavity on 4th day.
 On 6th day blastocyst sinks to uterine wall.
 This stage is called Germinal stage.

12. PERIOD OF EMBRYO- 2 TO 8 wks
 During this stage all the primitive structures formation
begins.
 Rapid development.
 Size of embryo is 1/4th to 2” long.
 1st layer or ectoderm forms skin, sense organs, nails, teeth &
nervous tissue.
 2nd layer or mesoderm forms inner skin, muscles, bones,
circulatory system & excretory system.
 3rd layer or endoderm forms lining of GIT, trachea, lungs,
glands, thymus.

13. PERIOD OF FETUS – 8wks TO BIRTH
 Embryonic development is completed by 8 wks.
 Fetal movements start at 12th wks but mother feels from
16th wks.
 12th wks – human like form, face differentiation, digit
formation, movements.
 28th wks – circulatory and respiratory systems
maturation. Capable of life outside womb.
 36th wks – fully developed fetus with fully gained
weight. Life is ready outside uterus.

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
PREGNANCY
 An understanding of the growth occurs at
prenatal period which is important for expectant
mother.
 There are many physical and physiological
changes taking place in this period.
 Every pregnant women should take medical
supervision throughout pregnancy.

15. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1. Amenorrhea
2. Breast changes
3.Quickening
4. Nausea
5.Fetal heartbeat
MEANING
1.It is discontinuation of monthly
period and 1st sign of
pregnancy.
2.There may be
 Nipples become fuller and
firmer
 At 6th week they become
harder
3.Mothers sensation towards child
movements
4.Occurs at end of 1st trimester. It
could also be due to hormonal
changes.

16. DISCOMFORTS
DURING
PREGNANCY

17. TYPES OF DISCOMFORTS
 There are 2 types of discomforts-
 Major discomforts
 Minor discomforts
 Complications in last trimester of
pregnancy

18. MAJOR DISCOMFORTS OR
COMPLICATIONS IN
PREGNANCY
 Hyperemisis gravidanum – It is a condition of
excessive vomiting occur resulting in loss of appetite.
It leads to dehydration, liver damage.
 Abortion – Also known as termination of fetus. It
occurs during any deformities in uterus or any
unusual health conditions of mother like typhoid,
hypertension or Rh incompatibility.
 Cervical incompetence – The cervix enlarges in any
minor accident. It should be tightened to prevent loss
of fluid.
 German measles – It primarily occurs in 1st trimester
and the child may suffer from congenital
abnormalities like blindness, deafness and motor

19. MINOR DISCOMFORTS OR
COMPLICATIONS IN PREGNANCY
 Constipation – May occur at beginning or end of
pregnancy, caused due to pressure of uterus on
intestines.
 Hemorrhoids – Dilated blood vessels in rectum, results
from constipation and bleeding in stools.
 Shortness of breath – enlargement of uterus may
pressure on lungs. Mother should lie down with her
shoulder and head on a raised on pillow to avoid
shortness of breath.
 Insomnia – It is a condition of sleeplessness. It can be
prevented by avoiding heavy meals in late night, placing
well in ventilated room.
 Muscle cramps – Due to the enlarged size of uterus, the
circulation of blood to legs tend to be slow, leads to

20. COMPLICATIONS DURING
LAST TRIMESTER OF
PREGNANCY Urinary infection – High level of hormone in blood act as
a ideal medium for bacteria. This is the peak during
24th-28th wks of pregnancy.
 Pyelonehratis – Under this condition mother is having
high fever and temperature fluctuations and can be
treated by taking antibodies.
 Ante partum hemorrhage – Abnormal bleeding
 Placental insufficiency – For normal growth and
development, normal growth of placenta is necessary. If
placenta does not matures properly it may cause
insufficient nutrient to baby. Deterioration of placenta
may be due to toxemia, diabetes to mother.

21. DANGER SIGNS IN
PREGNANCY
 Spotting/ bleeding from vagina.
 Swelling of hands, feet, wrist, eye lids.
 Exposure to German Measles.
 Blurred vision.
 Chills with fever.
 Excessive nausea and vomiting.
 Failure to feel the movement of fetus for 3 or 4
days.

22. COMMON PHYSICAL HAZARDS
DURING PRENATAL PERIOD
 It occurs in three stages
 Period of the ovum
 Period of embryo
 Period of fetus

23. PERIOD OF OVUM
 Starvation – The ovum will die of starvation if it
has too little yolk to keep it alive till it can lodge in
the uterine wall.
 Lack of uterine preparation – Implantation cannot
occur, if the uterine walls are not prepared in time
to receive the zygote due to glandular imbalance.
 Implantation in wrong place – If the zygote gets
attached to a small fibroid tissue in the uterine
wall or to wall of oviduct. It cannot get
nourishment and will die.

24. PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO
 Miscarriages – Falls, emotional shocks, malnutrition,
glandular disturbances, vitamin deficiency and serious
diseases like pneumonia & diabetes can cause the
embryo to become dislodged from the uterine wall,
resulting in miscarriage between 10-12 wks after
conception.
 Developmental irregularities – Any of unfavorable
environmental conditions or maternal malnutrition;
vitamin and glandular deficiencies; excessive use of
drugs, alcohol, tobacco, ; diabetes; German Measles
damages embryonic brain.

25. PERIOD OF FETUS
 Miscarriages – It is always possible up to fifth
month of pregnancy, especially during the normal
regular menstrual period of woman.
 Prematurity – It is a condition in which the newborn
baby is relatively unfit to lead extra uterine life
because his prenatal development has not been
completed.
 Complications of delivery – Maternal conditions can
affect uterine contractions and are likely to lead to
complications during birth.

26. CARE DURING
PREGNANCY
 Pregnancy is a natural, normal physiological
process.
 Along with hazards the care to be taken are –
 Diet and Nutrition
 Exercise
 Personal hygiene
 Social support
 immunization

27. DIET AND NUTRITION
 Diet is an important matter.
 Infant in one sense is a parasite, drawing nutrients
from mother’s blood stream it needs.
 An adequate and balanced diet must contain -
 Calories – 2500 to 3000
 Proteins – 55gm
 Iron – 40 gm
 Calcium – 1gm

28. EXERCISE
 A normal course includes walking, gardening,
yoga which helps in strengthening of muscles.
 A small afternoon nap is required.

29. PERSONAL HYGIENE
 Personal hygiene is very important.
 A daily bath with warm water is preferably good
tonic.
 Bath at night time refreshes and cures insomnia.
 Cleaning nipples in last 2 months with soap and
water
 Dental care is important.

30. SOCIAL SUPPORT
 A supportive and nurturing environment protects
by creating favorable conditions for mother and
the child.
 Stress, negative environments create
complications and poor development of the baby.
 Mother must receive support from partner,
neighbor, relatives and friends to reduce stress.

31. IMMUNIZATION
 Immunization is crucial part in pregnancy.
 Anemic woman need to take iron supplements.
 In early pregnancy, TT-1 vaccine and TT booster
dose is given a month later TT-1.

32. THANK YOU
BY – LOUIS PASTEUR TEAM
(DAEDEEPYA,MADHAVI,ARUNA,AKSHAYA,RA
JANI,SUNITHA,KALYANI BAI,MAMATHA
RANI,KAVYASRI,LAKSHMI NARAYANAMMA)