The document provides an overview of tumor immunology. It discusses the history of tumors dating back to Hippocrates and the origins of the word "cancer." It defines the differences between tumors and cancer, listing the types of tumors as benign or malignant. The causes, developmental stages, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tumors are outlined.

1. TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY

2. OBJECTIVES
After this presentation students should be able to :
 Know the history of tumor
Differentiate between tumor and cancer
 State the
 Types of tumor
 Causes of tumor
 Developmental stages of tumor
 Symptoms of tumor
 Diagnosis of tumor
 Treatment and prevention of tumor

3. HISTORY
Hippocrates in 460 BC observed
the appearance of a cut surface
of malignant tumor with veins
stretched on all sides as the
animal crab or crayfish
He described several kinds of
cancer and named them as
karkinos (carcinos)

4. HISTORY CONT…
Celsus translated the word karkinos into cancer
In the 2nd century, a Greek Physician Galen furthered on the work of
Hippocrates
• He discovered oncology – a branch of medicine concerned with tumors
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Wilhelm Fabry –
• Cancer is caused by milk clot in the mammary duct
 Francois de la Boe Sylvius –
• Cancer is caused by acidic lymph fluid
Nicolaes Tulp –
• Cancer is a poison and it spreads

5. HISTORY CONT…
Nicolaes Tulp –
• Cancer is a poison and it spreads
In 1775 Percivall Pott identified cancer from scrotum
In 1871 Campbell De Morgan
• Surgical operation to treat cancer

6. CANCER VS TUMOR
Cancer is a disease in which cells almost anywhere in the body begin
to divide uncontrollably
Tumor is when the growth occurs in solid tisuues – organ, muscle or
bone

7. TYPES OF TUMOR
1. Benign
• This is the noncancerous tumor
that does not spread throughout
the body and does not threaten
life.
• It is mild and gentle
2. Malignant
• This is the cancerous tumor that
invades nearby tissue in the
body forming secondary tumors.
• It is harmful and injurious

8. CAUSES
 Environmental toxins  Inflammation
Injury
 Stress
Diet

9. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
This involves 3 stages
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progress

10. SYMPTOMS
Change in bowel
Sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding
Difficulty in swallowing
Severe cough
Thickening in the breasts and
other parts
Body pains
Headache

11. DIAGNOSIS
 Neurological exams – vision,
hearing, strength, reflexes
Imaging test – Magnetic
Resonance Imaging MRI
Biopsy

12. TREATMENT
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Surgery to remove the tumor

13. PREVENTION
Avoid tobacco
Avoid alcohol
Eating healthy diet
Limit eating processed meats
Protect yourself from sun
Get immunized
Regular checkups
Regular exercise

14. THANK YOU