This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
Many medical students are unheard of the Essential Medicine List. This has been mentioned in very small sections in various textbooks that are in use in Nepal. The discussion on this topic is a must among medical and nursing students, as well as anyone related to field of Medicine
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
My Powerpoint on Tuberculosis, includes:
What is the incidence and prevalence?
What are the symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
What are the treatment guidelines?
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
Essential drug concept and rational use of medicinesPravin Prasad
Many medical students are unheard of the Essential Medicine List. This has been mentioned in very small sections in various textbooks that are in use in Nepal. The discussion on this topic is a must among medical and nursing students, as well as anyone related to field of Medicine
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
My Powerpoint on Tuberculosis, includes:
What is the incidence and prevalence?
What are the symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
What are the treatment guidelines?
Treatment of spinal tuberculosis - presented at the Postgraduate teaching course held at KEM Hospital, Mumbai in March 2016.
The talk highlights steps in diagnostic workup and treatment algorithm for management of spinal tuberculosis.
Please see notes attached to clinical slides. They contain details about clinical presentation and treatment approach chosen for the case presented
Impact of health education on tuberculosis drug adherenceSkillet Tony
Adherence is defined as the extent to which patients follow the instructions they are given for prescribed treatments. Until recently, adherence expertise was hard to find, assemble and empower. The study shall solely aim at investigating the influence of patients’ health education on Tuberculosis drug adherence. It will be guided by the following specific objectives; to identify the level of adherence among TB patients at MTRH, to assess the level of patient’s health education on TB drugs, to identify barriers of TB education, to investigate the challenges facing TB patients on treatment and to determine the level of training given to health workers on TB drug adherence. These objectives will enable the researcher to elaborate more on the topic and ensure that those who read through this research shall have a better perspective on the effects of health education on tuberculosis drug adherence. It will take place between the months of July and August. The study will target 17 doctors, 119 nurses and 143 patients of Tuberculosis. The study will employ a case study research design. The case study will enable the researcher be able to collected detailed information as to the influence of patients’ health education on TB drug adherence. The study will employ purposive sampling to sample the doctors and simple random sampling to select both the nurses and the patients who will participate in the study. The researcher will use one research instrument to collect data from the respondents selected to participate in the study which is a questionnaire that will be issued to the respondents on the day of the data collection.
Clinical presentation of active TB
Differential diagnosis of TB
Etiology
Transmission
Factors influencing transmission
Pathogenesis of Latent
TB Disease
Co-pathogenesis
Presentation about tuberculosis, it's epidemiology, pathology, antituberculosis drugs, and their mechanism of actions, ADR's and case study of a tuberculosis patient.
• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
• Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.
• Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected.
• The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
• The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
• Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
TYB pharmacy
Pharmacology semester VI notes
Pharmacology VI semester
Pharmacology notes
Third year B pharmacy pharmacology notes
Pharmacology unit 3 notes
Pharmacology VI semester notes
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. Tuberculosis or TB is a common and
often deadly infectious disease caused
by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in humans.
Tuberculosis usually attacks
the lungs but can also affect other parts
of the body.
The classic symptoms are
a chronic cough with blood-tinged
sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight
loss.
4. The primary cause of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,
is a small aerobic non-motile bacillus.
The M. tuberculosis complex includes four other TB-
causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M.
canetti and M. microti.
M. africanum is not widespread, but in parts of Africa
it is a significant cause of tuberculosis.
5. It is currently estimated that 1/2 of the
world's population (3.1 billion) is infected
with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium avium complex is associated
with AIDS related TB.
The proportion of people who become sick
with tuberculosis each year is stable or
falling worldwide but, because of
population growth, the absolute number
of new cases is still increasing.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
6. In 2007 there were an estimated 13.7 million chronic
active cases, 9.3 million new cases, and 1.8 million
deaths, mostly in developing countries.
The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across
the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian
and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests,
while only 5-10% of the US population test positive.
7. Per 1,000,00
10 - 24
< 10
25 - 49
50 - 99
100 - 299
300 or more
No estimate Highest estimated
TB rates per capita
were in Africa
8. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease
of respiratory transmission, Patients
with the active disease (bacilli) expel
them into the air by:
coughing,
sneezing,
shouting,
or any other way that will expel
bacilli into the air
Transmission is dependent on closeness and time of
contact
Transmission:
9. Once inhaled by a tuberculin free person, the
bacilli multiply 4 -6 weeks and spreads
throughout the body. The bacilli implant in areas
of high partial pressure of oxygen:
lung
renal cortex
reticuloendothelial system
10. When the disease becomes active, 75% of the cases
are pulmonary TB, that is, TB in the lungs.
Symptoms include chest pain, coughing up blood,
and a productive, prolonged cough for more than
three weeks.
Systemic symptoms include fever, chills, night
sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, pallor, and
often a tendency to fatigue very easily.
11. In the other 25% of active cases, the infection moves
from the lungs, causing other kinds of TB, collectively
denoted extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This occurs
more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and
young children.
Extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura in
tuberculosis pleurisy, the central nervous system
in meningitis, the lymphatic system in scrofula of the
neck, the genitourinary system in urogenital
tuberculosis, and bones and joints in Pott's disease of
the spine.
12.
13. Infection via inhalation of droplet nuclei.
↓
Transport of bacilli to terminal alveoli (especially lower
segments of lungs)
↓
Ingestion of organisms by macrophages followed by
multiplication within macrophages
↓
Transport of organisms to regional lymph nodes by infected
macrophages with continue multiplication and minimal
inflammatory response
14. ↓
Extension of organisms( within 4-6 weeks after inhalation) into
the bloodstream from the regional nodes
↓
Cell mediated immunity / hypersensitivity reaction
↓
Development of clinical infection
15. Chest x-rays: Multi nodular
infiltrate above or behind
the clavicle with or without
pleural effusion unilaterally
or bilaterally.
16. • Cultures will reveal the
presence of mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• Patients stay infectious for
as long as the bacilli are
excreted in the sputum
17. Skin test. PPD (purified protein
derivative) antigens are injected
intradermally. A positive reaction
is a helpful adjunct in diagnosis.
Tuberculin test positivity
indicated hypersentivity to
bacterial protein
18. According to their clinical utility the drugs are:
First line drugs : High antitubercular efficacy and low
toxicity which are used routinely.
Second line drugs: Either low antitubercular efficacy
or high toxicity or both, used in special
circumstances only.
19. First line drugs include:
-ISONIAZIDE
- PYRAZINAMIDE
- ETHAMBUTOL
-RIFAMPICIN
-STREPTOMYCIN
HIGH EFFICACY AND LOW TOXICITY
20. Second line drugs include:
-THIACETAZONE
-CAPREOMYCIN
-P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID
-ETHIONAMIDE
-CYCLOSERINE
-KANAMYCIN
-AMIKACIN
LOW EFFICACY AND HIGH TOXICITY
21. NEWER SECOND LINE DRUGS:
Flouroquinolones are active against M.tuberculosis.
Ciproflaxacin,
Oflaxacin,
Newer macrolides and some rifampin congeners are
the recent additions.
Clarithromycin,
Azithromycin,
Rifabutin.
22. Considered the drug of choice for the
chemotherapy of TB. discovered in 1945 a
hydrazide of isonicotonic acid
bacteriostatic for resting bacilli,
bactericidal for growing bacilli.
23. Most active anti-tb drug.
Dose:5mg/kg daily
It inhibits cell wall sythesis or mycolic acid synthesis.
Important assets are
-potency
-infrequent toxicity
-low cost
Useful for tb meningitis.
Effective for both extra cellular & intracellular tb.
If combined with other drug it has good resistance
preventing action.
24. ISONIAZID
Kat G( catalase peroxidase
in mycobacteria)
Active INH
AcpM & Kas AcpM- Acyl Carrier protein
KasA ( ß ketoAcyl Carrier protein
synthetase)
Block Mycolic Acid Synthesis
25. I. Rash
II. Peripheral Neuropathy
III. Hepatitis
IV. Transient loss of Memory
V. Seizure
VI. Pleural effusion
VII. Arthralgia
26. Semisynth. deri of Rifamycin B-from St.meditarranei.
Acts both extra & intracellularly.
Bactericidal efficacy ≈ INH
&>any other 1st line drug
Analogue of RIFAMPIN is RIFABUTIN.
obtained from Rifamycin S.
Dose: 10mg/kg daily or 2-3 times weekly
27. D.N.A
RIFAMPIN
DNA dependent R.N.A.polymerase
R.N.A
Protein Syn.
Cell multiplication
Rifampin bind to β S.U of D.D.R.P
Drug –Enz Complex
Supression of chain initiation
28. Hepatitis, a major adverse effect.
Respiratory syndrome: breathlessness.
Purpura, haemolysis, shock and renal failure.
Cutaneous syndrome : flushing, pruritis + rash.
Flu like syndrome : fever, headache, bone pain.
29. Synthetic analogue of Nicotinamide.
Though weakly tuberculocidal
More active in acidic medium.
Highly effective during 1st 2months.
More effective against Slow Growing.
Active both intra & extracellularly.
Dose : 20-25mg/kg daily
32. Rapid Growers are more susceptible.
Prevent the emergence of Resistant bacilli.
C/I ; Cr. Clearance <50ml/min
Doses of Ethambutol : 15mg/kg/day
34. Loss of visual acuity
Color blindness
Field Defect
Early recognition &stoppage of drug-
visual toxicities is largely reversible
Contra-indication ;In children <6yrs
a) they are unable to report early.
b) may not permit the assessment of
red green color blindness discrimination
Renal uric acid excretion
Hyperuricemia
Joint Pain
35. First drug used for the treatment of TB.
It is aminoglycoside antibiotic.
It is tuberculocidal .
It acts only on extracelluluar bacilli.
Limitation of its use
i)dose related toxicity
ii)development of resistant org.
iii)pt compliance is poor due to i. m
36. acts by protein synthesis inhibitor and decreases the
fidelity mRNA and garbles the message, leads to nonsense
proteins.
Streptomycin only binds to the 30s subunit.
Dose: 15mg/kg 3 times weekly for first 2-3 months for
severe disease
H1 receptor blockers cause ototoxicity, with other
aminoglycosides, diuretics and vancomycin
37. SIDE EFFECTS:
OTOTOXICITY-drugs get conc. In labrynthine fluid,
both vestibular & cochlear damage
NEPHROTOXICITY
PARALYSIS
Sterile abscess at the inj. site
38. Aminoglycosides: least effective and more toxic
Capreomycin - Viomycin – Kanamycin
Adverse effects:
These drugs are: Nephrotoxic will cause Proteinuria,
Hematuria, Nitrogen metabolism, and Electrolyte
disturbances
However effect is reversible when drug is stopped
Capreomycin has replaced viomycin because of less toxic
effects, but all three drugs have the same effects.
39. Can cause CNS disturbances
Therapeutic States :
Cycloserine should be used when re-treatment is
necessary or when the micro-organism is resistant to the
other drugs.
It must be given in combination with other anti-
tuberculosis drugs.
Dose: 500 mg to 1g per day
Mechanism of Action :
An analog of D- alanine synthetase, will block bacterial
cell wall synthesis.
40. These are first anti tubercular drugs.
It is a tuberculostatic drug.
Low efficacy drug.
Side effects:
hepatitis,
optic neuritis,
mental disturbences
impotence
Dose: 150mg per day
41. PAS is a tuberculostatic and one of least active drugs.
It inhibits denovo folate synthesis.
PAS is completely absorbed by oral route and
distributed all over .
Dose : 150 mg/kg/day
Patient acceptability of PAS is poor.
Adverse effects ;
Rashes, fever, liver dysfunction
42. Chemotherapy
DOTS:
To control tuberculosis requires:
Effective, inexpensive, simple and standardised technology.
The success of the DOTS strategy depends on:
Government commitment to a national tuberculosis
programme.
Case detection –finding by smear microscopy examination
of TB susceptible in general health services.
Regular uninterrupted supply of essential anti-TB drugs.
Monitoring system for programme supervised and
evaluation.
43. Short Course Chemotherapy:
These are regimens of 6-9 month duration.
All regimens have an initial intensive phase lasting 2-3
months to kill the TB bacilli and afford symptomatic
relief.
This is followed by continuation phase for 4-6 months
so that relapse does not occur.
45. Multiple Drug Resistance(MDR):
Resistance to both Isoniazid and Rifampin and number of
other anti-TB drugs . MDR-TB has a more rapid course
,(some die in 4-16 weeks).
Treatment is difficult as second line drugs
are less efficacious, less convenient, more expensive and
toxic.
Therapy depends on drugs used in earlier regimen, dosage
and regularity with which they have been taken.
In India>200,000patients have been treated under DOTS
by early 2001 with cure rate of 75-80%.
In other countries 80-93%cure rates have been obtained.
46. Chemotherapy
Treatment of TB is categorised by:
Site of disease (pulmonary or extra pulmonary), its
severity: the bacillary load and acute threat to life are
taken into consideration.
Sputum smear positivity/negativity :positive cases are
infectious.
History of previous treatment: risk of drug resistance
is more in irregularly treated patients.