Emerging viral diseases pose a major threat and are becoming more common due to factors like globalization and urbanization. New technologies are helping address this issue, with genomic sequencing identifying viruses and rapid PCR diagnosis deployed in outbreak settings. Real-time PCR has been particularly useful for differentiating viral from bacterial infections during disease outbreaks. Continued development of antiviral drugs and vaccines remains an important focus, but rapid diagnostics can also help control disease spread through early case identification and contact tracing.
On the basis of need of specific content of any topic, i prepared a slides of plasmid for needy students. I'm also a student that's why i know how useful a proper presentation for us.
In this presentation, i try to cover some basic knowledge regarding to plasmid. If you like this ppt than please let me know, it gives me a motivation. If you need other topics ppt then write a topic name on comment section. THANK YOU
A bacteriophage (informally, phage) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface,] and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promote persistent infection
Artificial chromosome I Bacterial Artificial Chromosome I Yeast Artificial C...DevikaPatel12
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On the basis of need of specific content of any topic, i prepared a slides of plasmid for needy students. I'm also a student that's why i know how useful a proper presentation for us.
In this presentation, i try to cover some basic knowledge regarding to plasmid. If you like this ppt than please let me know, it gives me a motivation. If you need other topics ppt then write a topic name on comment section. THANK YOU
A bacteriophage (informally, phage) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface,] and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promote persistent infection
Artificial chromosome I Bacterial Artificial Chromosome I Yeast Artificial C...DevikaPatel12
https://amzn.to/3Fzcqc8
https://amzn.to/3V0q6Cp
https://amzn.to/3jbtrS7
https://amzn.to/3I0A8kr
https://amzn.to/3hrJ5s8
https://amzn.to/3FZiYlu
what is genetic engineering l genetic engineering explained l genetic engineering and biotechnology l Genetic engineeringl lbacterial artificial chromosome l p1 derived artificial chromosome l yeast artificial chromosome l Artificial chromosome l bacterial artificial chromosome vector l bacterial artificial chromosome vectors l bacterial artificial chromosomes l Bacterial artificial chromosome l yeast artificial chromosomes l yac l Yeast artificial chromosome
#BAC #YAC #bacterialartificialchromosome #yeastartificialchromosome #artificialchromosome #genetics #geneticengineering #DNA #dna #gene #genetherapy
Blotting technique including Southern , Northern and Western blotting Rohit Mondal
he given ppt contains all the blotting techniques which is being studied by students in Biotechnology related subject and this PPT contais all blotting techniques in a very elaborative concise manner includes procedure principle application etc so which itwould help any bio student to take proper knowledge in this topic. I hope you will enjoy the content of the topic and would be able to grasp the topic properly
This presentation contains 53 power point slides. These slides have description between virus and host cell interactions including concept of permissive and non-permissive infection, latent infection and host immune response to viral infection. Slides are designed for medical students, nurses, academicians who are teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or college.
Oncolytic Virus Therapy Development - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Oncolytic virotherapy is cancer treatment using a native or reprogrammed virus that has the potential to targeting and killing cancerous cell. Taking advantage of the OncoVirapy™ platform, Creative Biolabs provides customized, standardized, and reliable and high-quality oncolytic virus therapy development services for clients globally.
Blotting technique including Southern , Northern and Western blotting Rohit Mondal
he given ppt contains all the blotting techniques which is being studied by students in Biotechnology related subject and this PPT contais all blotting techniques in a very elaborative concise manner includes procedure principle application etc so which itwould help any bio student to take proper knowledge in this topic. I hope you will enjoy the content of the topic and would be able to grasp the topic properly
This presentation contains 53 power point slides. These slides have description between virus and host cell interactions including concept of permissive and non-permissive infection, latent infection and host immune response to viral infection. Slides are designed for medical students, nurses, academicians who are teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or college.
Oncolytic Virus Therapy Development - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Oncolytic virotherapy is cancer treatment using a native or reprogrammed virus that has the potential to targeting and killing cancerous cell. Taking advantage of the OncoVirapy™ platform, Creative Biolabs provides customized, standardized, and reliable and high-quality oncolytic virus therapy development services for clients globally.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS.pdfWani Insha
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections is useful for the following purposes:
To start antiviral drugs for those viral infections for which specific drugs are available such as herpes, CMV, HIV, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Screening of blood donors for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C-helps in prevention of transfusion transmitted infections
Surveillance purpose: To assess the disease burden in the community by estimating the prevalence and incidence of viral infections
For outbreak or epidemic investigation, e.g. influenza epidemics, dengue outbreaks-to initiate appropriate control measures
To start post-exposure prophylaxis of antiretroviral drugs to the health care workers following needle stick injury.
To initiate certain measures: For example,
If rubella is diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended
If newborn is diagnosed to have hepatitis B infection, then immunoglobulins (HBIG) should be started within 12 hours of birth.
On January 25, 2022, Nature published an article listing seven technologies worthy of attention this year. Targeted genetic therapies was on the list. The remaining six technologies are: Fully finished genomes, Protein structure solutions, Quantum simulation, Precise genome manipulation, Spatial multi-omics), CRISPR-based diagnostics.
In this section of the coronavirus pandemic series, we discuss the current capacity of local healthcare systems and the need for effective treatment options as well as the pathogenesis of the coronavirus. Current treatment options include RNA, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), antibodies, convalescent plasma, and others. Critical stage implications such as cytokine storm and the need for immunomodulatory agents would also be discussed. Therapeutic pathways would are also compared.
Novel research aimed at finding a cure for AIDS requires animal models responding to human antiretroviral drugs. However, there have been few antiretrovirals cross-active against the simian viruses. In this study, we expanded the arsenal of drugs active against the simian retrovirus SIVmac251 and showed that this virus is inhibited by the protease inhibitor, darunavir, and the CCR5 blocker, maraviroc. Administration of these two drugs in combination with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors, tenofovir and emtricitabine, and the integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, resulted in prolonged plasma viral loads below assay detection limits, and, surprisingly, restricted the viral reservoir, a marker of which is viral DNA. We then decided to employ this multidrug regimen (termed “highly intensified ART”) in order to increase the potency of a previous strategy based on the gold drug auranofin, which recently proved able to restrict the viral reservoir in vivo. A short course of highly intensified ART following the previous treatment resulted, upon therapy suspension, in a remarkably spontaneous control of the infection, that may pave the way to a persistent suppression of viremia in the absence of ART. These results corroborate the robustness of the macaque AIDS model as a vanguard for potentially future treatments for HIV in humans.
Viral metagenomics is the study of viral genetic material sourced directly from the environment rather than from a host or natural reservoir. The goal is to ascertain the viral diversity in the environment that is often missed in studies targeting specific potential reservoirs.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Emerging viral diseases have threatened
humanity throughout history.
Specific aspects of modernization such as
rapid air transit, as well as demographic
trends including urbanization, have
accelarated both the emergence and spread
of viruses.
From advanced genomic sequencing to new
methods in structural biology, there are
increasingly sophisticated toolkits with which
to facilitate the detection and possible control
of emerging viral diseases.
3. Current outbreaks of viral diseases include
chikungynya fever, Ebola virus disease,
influenza viruses, HIV, Hepatitis B and C etc.,
and the most recently trending is the Zika
virus.
Most emerging viral diseases are from the
RNA viruses.
Unfortunately, the RNA viruses have higher
mutation rates than do DNA viruses because
viral RNA polymerases lack the proofreading
activity.
As a result, it is being difficult to make
effective vaccine against these pathogens.
4. Technology Application to emerging viral
infections
Genomic sequencing Identifi cation of new agents (such as
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV);
evaluation of strain diversity (HIV)
Rapid diagnostics Real-time reverse transcription-PCR
for Ebola virus; distinguishing bacterial
versus viral causes of certain acute
respiratory illness
Structural biology Vaccine design for influenza, HIV,
respiratory syncytial virus; therapeutics
design for HIV, HCV
New vaccine platforms Viral vectors for Ebola virus, Marburg
virus, HIV; virus-like particles for
chikungunya virus; nanoparticle
platforms for influenza virus
immunogens
5. A. Detection of nucleic acids
1. Nucleic acid extraction
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR
3 Isothermal amplification
4. Detection of nucleic acids without DNA amplification
5. Diagnosis by restriction fragment length
polymorphisms and related DNA-based approaches
6. Genome sequencing
7. Diagnosis by DNA probes and DNA microarray
technology
8. Metagenomics
6. B. Detection of proteins
B1. Detection of antigens
1. Antigen-capture enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (AgELISA)
2. Quantitative immunoassays
(radioimmunoassay and quantitative enzyme
immunoassay)
3. Fluorescence antibody test
4. Immunohistochemistry
5 Immunochromatography (lateral flow
devices)
7. B2. Detection of antibody
1. Agglutination
2. Haemaglutination inhibition test
3. Agar gel immunodiffusion test
4. Complement fixation test
5. Indirect ELISA (iELISA)
6. Competitive ELISA (cELISA)
7. Blocking ELISA (bELISA)
8. Immunoblotting
9. Fluorescent
8. Whereas genomic sequencing has facilitated
identification of viruses, other advances are
helping to diagnose viral illnesses.
Specifically, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is
now more rapid and less cumbersome, allowing
for deployment in outbreaks, even in resource-
poor settings.
PCR technology can be particularly useful in
situations of diagnostic uncertainty, a difficulty
encountered in hemorrhagic fever outbreaks,
such as the ongoing Ebola virus disease outbreak
in West Africa.
9. Hemorrhagic manifestations, when they occur,
may appear late in the course of disease.
The nonspecific symptomatology creates
diagnostic uncertainty that complicates disease
control.
Therefore, rapid accurate diagnostics are
essential. Real-time reverse transcription PCR, a
quantitative RNA-based technology, has been
developed and deployed in outbreaks.
The ability to diagnose infection within hours has
been invaluable in disease control, facilitating
both case identification and contact tracing.
Rapid diagnostics also have proved important for
more common pathogens, including respiratory
viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and
parainfluenza viruses.
10. Basically the chemotherapeutic agents against
viral infections can be categorised into the following
three main categories :
1.Virucides
These are the agents or drugs that inactivate intact
viruses.
They cause inactivation of the virus in a single step.
These affect both the viral cell and the host cell, so
are not used generally.
However they can be used in preventing the
transmission of viruses.
The examples include organic solvents, detergents
and ultravoilet light.
11. 2. Antivirals
These are the agents or drugs that inhibit
viral replication at certain levels.
These specifically have a restricted spectrum
of activity and cannot be used for latent
viruses.
3. Immunomodulators
These consist of agents that augment the
host response to infections.
They help in boosting up the host immune
response by secreting antibodies, interferons
or by intensifying the cell mediated immunity.
12. Some common antiviral drugs are –
Virus Drug Target Chemical
type
Route
Influenza A,
B
strains
Zanamivir,
Oseltamivir
Viral
neuraminida
se inhibitor
A transition
state
analogue
inhibitor of
neuraminida
se
Inhalation,
Oral
Yellow fever
virus
Mycophenoli
c acid
IMP
dehydrogen
ase inhibitor
-
Oral,
intravenous
HIV Amprenavir,
Lopinavir,
Stavudine
etc
Peptide
analogue
Reverse
transcriptase
HIV
proteases
Thymidine
analogue
Oral
Hepatitis-B
virus
Penciclovir Virus
polymerase
Guanine
analogue
Topical
13. Many new techniques have been introduced into drug
discovery and development in order to speed up the
process and overcome the high costs.
These tools include genomics, proteomics,
metabolomics, biomarkers, bioinformatics, and
molecular imaging techniques.
1. Molecular Imaging
The molecular imaging technique can be used for
various different purposes such as anatomical studies
for structural morphology of organs or tissues,
including computerized tomography (CT), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound.
14. 2.Role of DNA microarray
DNA microarray is an important tool that has been
efficiently utilized in the development of host-protein
target.
The technique has several advantages the major one
being the analysis of a large number of samples.
DNA microarray has been used to study the host
response to HCMV infection.
3. Biomarkers
Biomarkers are signature molecules, which can
indicate physiological or biological characteristics
changes in the specific target organs.
Biomarkers can be used for various purposes like
diagnosis, identifying the organs involved, identifying
the risk of disease, assessing weather the drug
administered is safe and effective in treating the
disease.
15. 4. Animal Testing
Drugs are administered to the Animals for
measuring the drug level in the blood, its
metabolism, excretion and toxicity of its
metabolites.
5. Bioinformatics
The use of computational techniques
revolutionized the drug discovery by using the
different computer aided software’s like CADD
(computer aided drug design) CAMM (computer
aided molecular modeling) CADDD (computer
aided drug discovery and development).
In silico drug design and rational drug designs
minimized the cost and time in screening the
ideal drug candidates
16. 6. QSAR
Quantitative structure-activity relationship
(QSAR)
The fundamental principle of QSAR is that
biological properties are functions of
molecular structure.
QSAR is often used in the drug discovery to
identify the chemical structures which show
inhibitory effects on specific targets.
Moreover this process is used for quantitative
approach for assessing biological or chemical
activity.
17. 7. Tissue microarray
Tissue micro array chips are used for testing,
evaluation and efficacy of the drug
distribution and validation.
These microchips are generally coated with
numerous normal and diseased human
tissues for high throughput screening of the
targets.
Alternative approaches include – HPLC,
fluorescence based methods, use of antisense
oligonucleotides, aptamers or ribozymes.