Treatment plant
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The document discusses the key principles and processes involved in water treatment plants. It explains that the purpose is to remove particulates and pathogens that may pose health risks. It then describes several important processes used - including physical processes like sedimentation and filtration to remove microbes, chemical processes like using hydrated lime, and sludge treatment. It also discusses factors that impact settling like particle size/shape, and defines surface loading calculations to determine sedimentation tank effectiveness. Aeration is also introduced as a process to increase oxygen content in water.
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An earthquake is caused by rapid shaking of the ground due to movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity underground. Earthquakes are measured using seismometers which record seismic waves on instruments called seismographs. The location and magnitude of earthquakes are determined from these recordings. The Richter scale is used to describe earthquake magnitude, with greater magnitudes indicating stronger shaking. Major effects of earthquakes include damage to buildings and structures, landslides, tsunamis, and changes to the land surface like cracks and fissures. The most active seismic belts are around the Pacific Ocean, along the Alps and Himalayas, and along mid-ocean ridges.
Principles of Earthquake resistant design of Structures
This document discusses principles of earthquake-resistant building design and structural vibration control technologies. It explains that earthquake-resistant structures are designed to withstand expected earthquakes while minimizing loss of life and damage. This is achieved through methods ranging from ensuring adequate structural strength and ductility to using base isolation and vibration control systems. Base isolation allows a building to survive seismic impacts by installing flexible isolators between the structure and its foundation. Passive systems require no external power while active systems counterbalance earthquake forces using computer-controlled dampers. Hybrid systems combine aspects of passive and active control for reduced costs.
Folds
Folds are bends in rock layers caused by compressive forces. There are two main types of folds: anticlines, where the rock layers bend upwards into an arch, and synclines, where the layers bend downwards into a trough. Folds can be symmetrical, with equal halves on either side of the axial plane, or asymmetrical, with unequal halves. They can also be open or closed depending on the degree of bending, and occur as similar or parallel folds based on thickness and orientation of the rock layers.
Construction of Buildings in seismic areas
This document discusses construction of buildings in seismic areas and provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant construction. It defines seismic belts as areas where earthquakes occur frequently and shield areas where they occur rarely or mildly. It recommends that buildings be founded on hard bedrock and avoid irregular shapes, loose soils, or cuttings. Reinforced concrete should be used with raft foundations and all parts of the building well-tied together to act as a single unit during vibrations. The document also discusses the Richter scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes and the increased damage radii from magnitude 5 to 8 earthquakes.
Analysis of g+3 rcc storied building
This document provides an analysis and design of a G+3 residential building. It includes details of the building such as dimensions, material properties, and load calculations. An equivalent static analysis is performed to calculate the seismic lateral loads at each floor level. The results of the structural analysis including bending moment and shear force diagrams are presented. Slab, beam, column and footing designs are to be covered in the thesis work according to the scope.
Petrology
This document provides an overview of petrology, the scientific study of rocks. It defines different types of rocks, including igneous rocks formed by cooling magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compacted sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed by changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes. It describes key concepts such as crystallization, dykes and sills which are rock intrusions, and the textures and structures of different rock types that provide clues to their formation histories. The document emphasizes that rocks have been essential to human civilization and the development of tools and materials throughout history.
Mineralogy
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solid substances with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. There are over 4,900 known mineral species, with silicate minerals making up over 90% of the Earth's crust. Minerals form through crystallization as ions come together and atoms arrange themselves in an ordered pattern. They can crystallize from magma or other melts as they cool, or form through precipitation from fluids. The scientific study of minerals is called mineralogy, which examines their chemistry, crystal structure, physical properties, origins, classification, and distribution. Key physical properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
Ground water
This document defines groundwater as water present beneath the Earth's surface, within soil pores and fractures in rock formations. An aquifer is a unit of rock or sediment that yields usable water. The water table marks the depth where pores and fractures become fully saturated. Groundwater is extracted via wells for agriculture, municipal, and industrial uses. Its study is called hydrogeology. Springs form when aquifers fill to the point of overflowing onto land. Pumping a well creates a cone of depression in the water table or pressure levels around the well. The size of this cone depends on factors like the pumping rate, aquifer properties, storage, and thickness.
Flat slab
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Distribution system
The document discusses water distribution systems. A distribution system receives treated water from pumping stations and delivers it through a network of pipes, valves, meters, pumps, reservoirs and hydrants. There are different types of layouts including dead-end, gridiron and circular systems. Distribution can occur via gravity, pumping or a dual system. Gravity relies on elevation while pumping requires energy. A dual system combines both for reliability and economy. The goal is to convey water at sufficient pressure and quantity to consumers while maintaining quality and providing emergency capacity.
Geology
Geology is the study of the physical structure and substance of the Earth. It provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact civil engineering projects. Geology is important for determining suitable foundations, exploring ground conditions via drilling, and planning major projects like dams, roads and tunnels. The study of geology includes physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and the weathering of rocks. Physical geology examines how the Earth's surface and interior change over time. Petrology studies the origin, composition and structure of different rock types. Structural geology analyzes the three-dimensional distribution of rocks and their deformation history. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes.
Dams and Reserviors
This document discusses the geology considerations for dams and reservoirs. It describes the types of dams based on purpose, including storage, detention, diversion, coffer, and debris dams. It also discusses dam components and selection of suitable dam sites based on topographic, technical, construction, and economic factors. Geological investigations of the dam site include assessing the rock types, properties, structures, and water table. The document also summarizes types of reservoirs and geophysical studies used in geological assessments, including gravity, magnetic, seismic, radiometric, geothermal, and grouting methods.
Structural Geology
This document discusses structural geology and stratigraphy. It defines stratigraphy as the study of rock layers and layering, which is used to study sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has two subfields: lithostratigraphy which studies physical rock layers, and biostratigraphy which correlates rock layers using fossil assemblages. The document also discusses how William Smith was the "Father of English geology" for creating the first geologic map of England in the 1790s and recognizing the importance of strata and fossil markers. It provides details on lithostratigraphy focusing on rock types and layers, and biostratigraphy which correlates rock ages using contained fossils.
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Treatment plant
- 1. TREATMENT PLANT Presented by: K TARUN KUMAR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTCAL ENGINEERING
- 2. LAYOUT OF WATER TREATMENT:
- 3. Uniform settling velocity: • Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. • Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity or due to centrifugal motion will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force.
- 4. Things that matter for settling process? • Size, shape and specific gravity of the particles. • Discrete particle settling - Particles settle individually without interaction with neighboring particles. • Flocculent Particles – Flocculation causes the particles to increase in mass and settle at a faster rate. • Hindered or Zone settling –The mass of particles tends to settle as a unit with individual particles remaining in fixed positions with respect to each other. The purpose of a Water Treatment Plant is to remove particulates and pathogens from water that may pose a health threat to consumers.
- 6. PRINCIPLES OF WATER TREATMENT: The Principles of Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes has been divided into the following Units: • Water Quality • Physical Processes: Microbes and other colloidal particles can be physically removed from water by various processes. The sizes of the microbes are especially important for their removal by sedimentation and filtration. • Chemical Processes: Calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) (Ca(OH)2): Is dosed at the start and end of the treatment process. The pre-dose increases the alkalinity for optimal coagulation as well as the hardness and buffering capacity of water (resistance to change in pH). The post-dose is to raise the pH to within drinking water guidelines and the optimum level for the residual disinfectant.
- 7. • Sludge Treatment: Sludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in on-site (e.g. septic tank) and off-site (e.g. activated sludge) systems. The primary aim of wastewater treatment is removing solids from the wastewater. • Odour Management: Wastewater treatment plant odours are common. Perimeter odour neutralising spray systems can be used to great effect to control wastewater treatment plant odours. ( Biofiltration systems can treat several contaminants simultaneously, without the use of chemicals. With 95% odour removal efficiency, our biofiltration systems can treat a wide range of contaminants. )
- 9. SURFACE LOADING Calculating the surface loading gives a guide to how much water can be processed each day per area of sedimentation tank. • Surface loading is one of the most important factors affecting the effectiveness of the sedimentation process. The surface loading rate is used to determine if the sedimentation tanks and clarifiers are under loaded or over loaded. • If actual surface loading is > the design values then this indicates the tanks are overloaded. If actual surface loading is < the design values then this indicates the tanks are underloaded.
- 10. • The surface loading test calculates the volume of water being treated over a period of time over surface area of the tank. surface loading (kL per day per m2 ) = flow rate (kL per day) surface area of tank (m2 )
- 11. Aeration: • Aeration (also called aerification) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or substance. • Passing the liquid through air by means of fountains, cascades, paddle- wheels or cones.
- 12. USES: • Production of aerated water for drinking purposes. • Secondary treatment of sewage or industrial wastewater through use of aerating mixers/diffusers. • To increase the oxygen content of water used to house animals, such as aquarium fish or fish farm. • In chemistry, to oxidise a compound dissolved or suspended in water.