Introduction and classification of rocks for building and construction materials... types of rocks and their classifications, and types of stone quarrying.
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Petrology
Definition of a rock, petrology. Classification of rocks-Geological classification of rocks. Rock Cycle. Classification of igneous Forms, structures and textures of igneous rocks. Classification of sedimentary rocks, and its structures and textures. Classification of metamorphic rocks, its structures and textures.
Megascopic Study of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Charnockite, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate.
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Rocks are used in various purpose like building material, in foundation, as railway ballast,in dam etc. That's why careful studies bring out the inherent advantage and disadvantage of a site and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of the structure.
The presentation contains basic terms of Physical Geology which is related to Geology. It is a gross presentation including images and animated gif's for better understanding.
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Rocks are used in various purpose like building material, in foundation, as railway ballast,in dam etc. That's why careful studies bring out the inherent advantage and disadvantage of a site and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of the structure.
The presentation contains basic terms of Physical Geology which is related to Geology. It is a gross presentation including images and animated gif's for better understanding.
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
This ppt include the details about the Basic Building Materials i.e. Bricks, Cement, Steel, Stone, Concrete. Sand.
advantages of steel, cement, characteristics of cement, concrete, concrete. sand, difference between stone and brick, different type of stones, different types of bricks, different types of cement, different types of concrete pcc rcc precast prestr, different types of steel, manufacturing of bricks, manufacturing of stone, properties of cement, properties of steel, steel, stone, this ppt include the details about the basic build, use of bricks, uses of stones
Similar to Introduction and classification of rocks (20)
Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading.
Cement and admixtures and laboratory tests for cement, initial and final setting time, soundness test, compressive test, tests on concrete, types of admixtures
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Classification of stones :
• Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging
activity in the management and execution of
construction projects.
• The term rock is commonly defined as a hard mass of
mineral matter having, as a rule, no definite external
form.
• The word stone is applied indiscriminately to all classes
of hard rocks.
3. Description of Classes:
Rocks are classified as follows:
1. According to geological origin-
Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic
2. According to the physical form-
Stratified, Unstratified and Foliated.
3. According to their chemical composition–
Silicious, Argillaceous and Calcerous.
4. GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:
IGNEOUS ROCK:
• Igneous Rock, rock formed when molten or partially molten
material, called magma, cools and solidifies. The inner layers of
the earth are at a very high temperature causing the masses of
silicates to melt.
5. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
• Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the
deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the
Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
7. Physical Classification of Rocks:
Based on the structure, the rocks may be
classified as:
1. Stratified rocks
2. Unstratified rocks
8. The layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in
those igneous rocks formed at the Earth’s surface, as from lava
flows and volcanic fragmental deposits. The layers range from
several millimeters to many meters in thickness and vary greatly
in shape
Stratified Rocks:
11. Stone Quarrying:
• The word quarry can also include the underground
quarrying for stone.
• A quarry is a place from which dimension
stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel,
or slate has been excavated from the ground.
• A quarry is the same thing as an open-pit mine from
which minerals are extracted.
14. Site Selection for Quarrying of Stones:
The quarry should be selected based on some conditions
as follows.
• The site should be near to human living areas where
labor and tools are always available, required materials
also should be available.
• At least one of type transportation facilities (road or
railway or port or all) should be available.
• Good quality and quantity of stone should be available.
16. Methods of Quarrying of Stones
Quarrying can be done by three methods as follows:
1. Hand tools
2. Machine quarrying
3. Blasting
17. Quarrying of Stones using hand tools:
Wedge method:
In these methods, blocks of rocks are broken loose from their
natural outcrops by men using hand tools:
• It is consists digging a few holes at carefully selected places on
the rock. These holes are dug either manually using chisels and
hammers by the skilled workers.
• Or, in major quarrying, these holes may be drilled by special
machines called hammer drills.
• Once the hole is ready, a steel wedge is inserted in between two
steel strips or feathers. This is done with all the holes drilled in a
sequence.
18.
19. • Such firmly inserted wedges are then struck with hammer
almost simultaneously. This process develops cracks along the
lines joining the holes.
• After that, long iron bars are inserted in the holes and cracks,
and then the blocks of the rocks are pushed forward onto the
free face of a quarry.
20. Quarrying of Stones using Machines:
Channeling Method:
• In this method of quarrying involves the use of big machines
called Channelizers which have reciprocating cutting tools and are
power driven.
• When single large blocks of costly stones like marbles and
limestones are required, this method is most suitable.
• The channelizer can cut a groove as deep as 3 m, as wide as 5 cm
and as long as 3 m, or even more.
21. • When a single block is required, grooves of required depth and
length are first cut at the back and sides of the working face of
the quarry.
• Single blocks as big as 10 meters long and 3 meters thick and 1-
3 meters wide can be quarried by this method from soft rocks.
22. Quarrying of Stones by Blasting:
• This method consists of using explosives for breaking stones
from very hard rocks.
• It has been observed that quarrying of granites, basalts, traps,
quartzites, and sandstones by wedging and other methods is
very laborious and costly.
• These hard rocks, however, can be loosened economically and
easily by using explosives.
23. • The basic principle of this method is to explode a small quantity
of an explosive material at a calculated depth within the rocks.
24. • The force generated due to this explosion is sufficient
only to create cracks and loosen blocks of good size.
• Blasting for quarrying for stones may be quite
different from blasting for road clearance.
• In the latter case, the size of the broken stone is of not
much consequence.
25. • Quarrying by blasting, therefore, requires very
experienced persons thoroughly acquainted with
blasting explosives on the one hand and strength
qualities of rocks on the other hand.
26. Precautions in blasting:
1. The blasting should not be carried out in late evening (or) early
morning.
2. The danger zone should be marked with red flag.
3. Explosive should be stored and handled carefully.
4. First aid should be made available.
5. Detonators and explosives should not be carried together
A detonator, frequently a blasting cap, is a device used
to trigger an explosive device.
27. Dressing of Stones:
• The Dressing of stone is defined as “The process of giving a
proper size, shape and finish to the roughly broken stones as
obtained from the quarry.”
• This process is done manually or mechanically. A dressed stone is
fit for use in a particular situation in a building.
28. • Stones obtained from the quarries are very rough and irregular in
shape and quite bulky in size and weight.
Various objectives of dressing are below:
(a) To reduce the size of the big blocks of stones so that they are
converted to easily lift-able pieces. This reduction in size is
generally carried out at the quarry itself because that saves a lot of
transportation cost.
29. b) To give a proper shape to the stone. It is known that stones
can be used at different places in the building, e.g. in
foundations, in walls, in arches or for flooring, each situation
will require a proper shape.
(c) To obtain an appealing finish. In a residential building,
stones are used not only because of their extra strength,
hardness, and durability but also because of their aesthetic
value.
Stone surfaces can be made very decorative and of appealing
appearance which will last for a considerable time. A stone
house has its distinct individuality in a city of concrete
structures.
30. Methods / Types of Dressing of Stones:
• As said earlier, dressing of stone can be done both manually as
well as mechanically.
• Manually, skilled stone-smiths can work wonders on the suitable
type of stones with chisels and hammers and abrasives.
• Mechanically, machines can cut the stone to any desired size and
shape. Their surfaces can be made extra smooth by polishing
through machines.
31. Stone Brick
Light in weight
Cheap in cost
Easy to handle
Transportation
Strength and durability
32. COMPOSITION OF BRICK EARTH:
• Bricks are defined as artificially moulded clay blocks, with
mass of natural clay with uniform size and shape.
• The bricks are suitably dried and burnt to attain strength,
durability etc. to made them useful for construction works.
• As per IS: 2117-1375, the clay or mixture of clay selected
should preferably confirm to the following chemical
composition for good results.
33. Requirements of good brick earth:
• It should be homogenous and contain desired proportions of
ingredients(clay, silt, silica etc.)
• It should be free from pebbles etc.
• It should also free from lumps of lime or nodulus of kankar.
• It must be free from alkaline salts and chlorides.
• It should not contain vegetable and organic matters.
34. Ingrediants used in the preparation of bricks:
1. Silica
2. Alumina
3. Lime
4. Iron oxide
5. Magnesia
35. S.No Ingredient Proportion Functions
1 Clay(Alumina) 20 to 30% by
weight
It absorbs water and
renders clay plastic.
Excess alumina produces
cracks on drying.
2 Silt 20 to 35% by
weight
It supports the sharp edges
of bricks and helps to
remain intact during
drying and burning of
bricks.
36. S.No Ingredient Proportion Functions
3 Silica (sand) 35 to 50% It retains its shape and imparts
durability and prevents cracking
and warping. Excess of silica
makes the bricks brittle and weak
on burning.
4 Other Ingredients 1 to 2% by
weight
a) Lime (CaCo3) It prevents shrinkage of on drying
and makes the bricks hard. Excess
lime caused bricks to melt and
hence its shape will lost
b) Ferric oxide(FeO) It gives good red colour, strength
and durability.
37. S.No Ingredient Proportion Functions
c) Maganese (Mn) Excess presence of
manganese marked
the bricks darker.
d) Sodium potash etc Little excess of
these ingradients
decolours the brick.
38. MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS:
The process of manufacturing of bricks:
1. Preparation of brick earth:
a) Unsoiling:
b) Digging
40. 2) MOULDING OF BRICKS:
Giving the required shape to the prepared brick earth is known as
moulding of bricks. There are two different ways of moulding.
a) Hand moulding:
i) Ground moulding:
• This method is adopted when a large and level area of land is
available for the purpose.
• The area of land on which moulding is to be done is levelled,
plastered smooth and sprinkled over with sand.
41. • To prevent the moulded bricks from sticking to the moulds either
sand is sprinkled on the inner sides of the mould or the mould is
dipped in water each time before moulding is done.
• When sand is used to prevent the sticking of earth to moulds the
moulded bricks are known as sand moulding.
42.
43. ii) Table moulding:
• In it the moulder carries out the moulding of brick on a table.
• He does so while standing by the side of the table. He moulds
bricks on boards known as stock boards.
• Stock boards are of the same size as the moulds and have a
projection for the frog.
• Sand is sprinkled inside the mould and on the stock board. The
mould is placed to fit the stock board and then filled with earth.
• Sufficient quantity of earth is dashed into the mould pressed hard
and the surplus earth is removed with a strike or a thin wire.
44.
45. b) Machine moulding:
The bricks required are in large quantity, then machine molding
is economical and also saves more time. Here also we are having
two types of machines,
i) Plastic clay machines
• This machines contain an opening in rectangular shape and when
we place the tempered clay in to this machine it will come out
through this opening.
• Now, the rectangular strips coming out the opening are cut by
wires to get required thickness of brick.
• So, these are also called wire cut bricks. Now these raw bricks
are ready for the drying process.
46.
47. ii) Dry press machines:
• Dry clay machines are more time saving machines.
• We can put the blended clay into these machines directly without
tempering.
• Means tempering is also done in this machine by adding some
water.
• When the required stiffness is obtained the clay is placed in mold
and pressed hard and well-shaped bricks are delivered.
• These are called pressed bricks and these do not require drying
they may directly sent to burning process.
48. 3) Drying of bricks:
a) Natural Drying:
• After molding process the bricks contain some amount of
moisture in it. So, drying is to be done otherwise they may
cracked while burning. The drying of raw bricks is done by
natural process.
• The bricks are laid in stacks. A stack consists 8 to 10 stairs.
The bricks in these stacks should be arranged in such a way
that circulation of air in between the bricks is free.
• The period of drying may be 3 to 10 days. It also depends upon
the weather conditions.
49. • The drying yards are also prepared on higher level than the normal
ground for the prevention of bricks from rain water.
50. b) Artificial drier:
• The temperature is usually less than 120’c and the process of
drtying of bricks about 1 to 3 days depending upon temperature
maintained in drier.
51. BURNING OF BRICKS:
The functions of burning of bricks:
1. It imparts hardness and strenght to bricks.
2. It makes dense and durable to bricks.
Note:
1. The bricks are to be burnt properly to achieve strength and
durability.
2. If the bricks are over burnt, they will be brittle and hence
break easily.
3. If the bricks are un burnt, they will be soft and hence can not
carry loads.
52. Clamp burning:
A clamp is a stock of raw bricks protected temperarly
around the sides and top to minimise the loss of heat and
arranged so that it will burn.
Procedure:
• These spaces around each brick are finger width, that is, 2 to 2.5
cm wide.
• This is designed to facilitate the passage of air under the brick
clamp to allow for the even combustion of the fuel.
• Bricks are "set" (loaded onto the base) up to 40 layers high.
53. • The bricks are placed on top of each other for the first 8 to 12
layers, above which each layer is inset by 2 to 3 cm, so that the
clamp tapers towards the top.
• The tapering produces greater clamp stability, which is important
as the whole structure will move with the expansion and
contraction of the bricks during firing.
54.
55. Advantages:
• By burning and cooling of bricks produced are tough and strong.
• It is cheap and economical.
• No, skilled labour and supervision are required.
• The clamp is not liable to injury from high wind or rain.
Disadvantages:
• Its is very slow process and it is not suited for large quantity.
• It is not possible to regulate fire in clamps.
• The quality of bricks is not uniform. The bricks near the bottom
are over burnt and those rear sides are top and unburnt.
56. Kiln’s burning:
a) Intermittent kilns:
• The structure of the kiln is permanent nature, but the process is
doscontinuous.
• After loading the kiln, it is burnt, cooled and unloaded.
• Thus there is wastage of fuel in these kilns as the side walls and
the floor get cooled by the time the kiln is reloaded.
57. b) Continuous kilns:
• In the continuous kilns, while the bricks is one set of chambers
are being fired, the bricks is the next set of chambers are dried
out are preheated, the bricks in the other set of chambers being
loaded and in the last being cooled.