Transmission and distribution system of electricity - generating stations - transmission system - substations - distribution system - diagram representation
In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated to produce bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently.
The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Electricity generation, distribution and transmissionAshar143
COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Sahiwal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Prepared By: Umaiz Ahmad and Yasir Zulfiqar
CONTACT:
+92-321-7899091
+92-336-0006247
In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated to produce bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently.
The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Electricity generation, distribution and transmissionAshar143
COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Sahiwal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Prepared By: Umaiz Ahmad and Yasir Zulfiqar
CONTACT:
+92-321-7899091
+92-336-0006247
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IIMA - ARCHITECT LOUIS KHAN AND ANANT RAJE anjali s
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His works - deveopment alternatives world headquarters , New Delhi and IRRAD , Gurgon - details and information of these works
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. INTRODUCTION
Electricity is generated at power plants and moves through a complex
called Grid
The grid system includes – substations, transformers, power lines
GENERATING STATIONS
Commonly used power plants are:
• Thermal power plant
• Nuclear power plant
• Hydro power plant
• Gas turbine power plant
• Combined cycle power plant
•
Maximum generated voltage in power stations are 11 kV
3. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of energy from
generating power plants to electric sub – stations located near
demand centres
Transmission system is classified into –
Primary Transmission Lines – carries 220 – 765 kV – where the voltage
is stepped up from 11 kV supplied by generating station to 220 kV
using transformers.
Secondary Transmission Lines - carries 33 kV – where the voltage is
stepped down from 220 kV to 33 kV by secondary transmission
substation.
4. Transmission can be done by overhead line system or
underground cable system
Overhead line system
• Easier to repair if damaged
• They are not restricted by landscape
• Maintenance cost is more
• Less public safety
• They can be operated up to 400kV or higher
Underground cable system
• Less visibility
• Less affected by hard weather
• Cost of insulated cable and excavation is higher
• Fault lines take longer time to locate and repair
• Less working voltage - limit - 66kV
Underground cable system Overhead line system
5. Substations
A station in the power transmission system at which electric power is
transformed to a conveniently used form
Its main function is to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
generating station by either step-up or step-down the voltage to a
value appropriate for local use and provide facilities for switching
It includes –
• Transformers
• Switches
• Circuit breakers - is used to interrupt circuits while current is
flowing through them
• Busbar - conductor carrying electric current to which many
connections can be made
• Lighting/surge arrestors – used to provide necessary path to
ground for power surges
6. Distribution system
It is the final stage in the delivery of electric power
It carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers
It is a part between distribution substations and consumers
Distribution system is classified into: -
Primary distribution lines - carry medium voltage (11kV) – where the
voltage is stepped down from 33 kV to 11 kV by distribution
substations transformer - supplied to commercial and industrial
consumers (large scale)
Secondary distribution lines – carry low voltage (415 / 240 V) - where
the voltage is stepped down from 11kV to 415 / 240 V by service
transformer banks – supplied to commercial (small-scale) and
residential
Distribution system is divided into:-
Feeders – is a conductor which connects the substation to the area
where power is to be distributed
No tapping is taken to the consumers from feeders, so the current in
it remains the same throughout
Distributor - are conductors from which numerous tapping from the
pole mounted transformer is taken for the supply to the consumers
The current through it is not constant because tapings are taken at
various places along its length
Voltage drop is main consideration
Service mains – is a small cable which connects the distributor to the
consumer's meter
8. Power station
11 kV
Step- up
220 kV - Primary
transmission line
Step – down 1
33 kV - Secondary
transmission line
Step – down
3
11 kV -
Distribution lines
415/240 V - Residential
and commercialIndustrial - 11kV
Primary
Distribution
Secondary
Distribution
