the presentation discusses how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed

2. USES OF ELECTRICITY

3. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
•DISCOVERED IN THE 1820’S BY
BRITISH SCIENTIST MICHAEL
FARADAY
•HE GENERATED ELECTRICITY BY
MOVING A LOOP OF WIRE BETWEEN
THE POLES OF A MAGNET
(ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION)

4. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
•MODERN POWER PLANTS GENERATE ELECTRICITY IN A
VARIETY OF WAYS
•GENERATED BY HEAT ENGINES FUELED OR POWERED BY
BURNING FOSSILS FUELS OR RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS,
BUT IT CAN ALSO BE GENERATED BY WATER, WIND,
SOLAR AND GEOTHERMAL POWER

5. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
•ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED AT POWER PLANTS AND
MOVES THROUGH A COMPLEX CALLED GRID
•THE ELECTRICAL GRID IS A COMPLEX NETWORK OF
ELECTRICAL GENERATORS, TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION LINES THAT DYNAMICALLY RESPONDS TO
SHIFTS IN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND DEMAND TO MAKE
SURE ELECTRICITY IS ALWAYS SUPPLIED RELIABLY

6. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
GENERATING STATIONS:
COMMONLY USED POWER PLANTS ARE:
•THERMAL POWER PLANT
•NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
•HYDRO POWER PLANT
•GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
•COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

7. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
GENERATING STATIONS:
COMMONLY USED POWER PLANTS ARE:
•THERMAL POWER PLANT
•NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
•HYDRO POWER PLANT
•GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
•COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
THE MAXIMUM GENERATED VOLTAGE IN POWER STATION ARE 11 KV.

8. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ENERGY SOURCES
•NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES ARE
AVAILABLE IN LIMITED SUPPLIES, USUALLY
BECAUSE THEY TAKE A LONG TIME TO
REPLENISH
•COAL, NUCLEAR, OIL, NATURAL GAS

9. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ENERGY SOURCES
•RENEWABLE RESOURCES REPLENISH
THEMSELVES
•SOLAR, WIND, WATER/HYDRO, BIOMASS,
AND GEOTHERMAL

10. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
•BULK TRANSFER OF ENERGY
FROM GENERATING PLANTS TO
ELECTRIC SUB-STATIONS
LOCATED NEAR DEMAND CENTERS

11. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
•PRIMARY TRANSMISSION LINES-
CARRIES 220-765 KV, WHERE THE
VOLTAGE IS STEPPED UP FROM 11 KV
SUPPLIED BE GENERATING STATION
TO 220KV USING TRANSFORMERS

12. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
•SECONDARY TRANSMISSION LINES-
CARRIES 33 KV, WHERE THE
VOLTAGE IS STEPPED DOWN FROM
220 KV TO 33 KV BY SECONDARY
TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION

13. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

14. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Types of transmission lines are:
1. Overhead Transmission Lines: easier to
repair if damaged, they are not restricted
by landscape, maintenance cost is higher,
less public safety, they can be operated
up to 400 kV or higher

15. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Types of transmission lines are:
2. Underground Transmission Lines:
common in populated areas, less visibility.
Less affected by hard weather, cost of
insulated cable and excavation is higher,
less working voltage (limited to 66 kV).

16. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Types of transmission lines are:
3. Sub transmission Lines carried voltages reduced
from the major line system. Typically, 34.5 kV to 69
kV power is sent to regional distribution substations.
Sometimes the sub transmission voltage is tapped
along the way for use in industrial or large
commercial operations, some utilities categorize
these as transmission lines.

17. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
Substation is a power transmission system at
which electric power is transformed to a
conveniently used form. Its main function is to
receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
generating station by either step- up or step-
down to a value appropriate for local use and
provide facilities for switching.

18. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
● final stage in the delivery of electric power
It carries electricity from the transmission
system to individual consumers.
It is a part between distribution substations and
consumers.

19. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
● final stage in the delivery of electric power
It carries electricity from the transmission
system to individual consumers.
It is a part between distribution substations and
consumers.

20. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
Classification of Distribution Lines:
Primary Distribution Lines- carry medium
voltage (11 kV), where the voltage is stepped
down from 33 kV to 11 kV by distribution
substations transformer supplied to
commercial and industrial consumers.

21. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
Classification of Distribution Lines:
Secondary Distribution Lines- carry low
voltage (415 /250 V)- where the voltage is
stepped down from 11 kV to 415/ 240 V by
service transformer banks supplied to
commercial and residential.

22. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
Distribution system is divided into:
Feeders- is a conductor which connects the
substation to the area where power is to
be distributed. No tapping is taken to the
consumers from feeders, so the current in
it remains the same throughout.

23. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
Distribution system is divided into:
Distributor- are conductors from which numerous
tapping from the pole mounted transformer is taken
from the supply to the consumers. The current
through it is not constant because tapping are taken
at various places along its length and voltage
drop is main consideration.

24. ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
Distribution system is divided into:
Service Mains- is a smaller cable which
connects the distributor to the consumer
meter