The document provides an overview of electrical power systems and their main components. It discusses the generation of power through synchronous generators, its high voltage transmission over long distances via transmission lines, its distribution over networks to lower voltages, and its utilization by customers. The quality of electrical supply is defined in terms of constant voltage, frequency, and sinusoidal waveforms without interruptions.
Indoor & outdoor substations, an overviewH. Kheir
An introduction to: Types of substations, Elements of substations,
Classifying criterion of substations,
Medium voltage switchgear assemblies & CBs,
Outdoor circuit breakers,
Outdoor disconnect switches,
Indoor & outdoor instrument transformers,
Protection, PLCs & SCADA, Lightning arresters,
Cables, cable/bus ducts & control wires, Communication protocols and Standards
Indoor & outdoor substations, an overviewH. Kheir
An introduction to: Types of substations, Elements of substations,
Classifying criterion of substations,
Medium voltage switchgear assemblies & CBs,
Outdoor circuit breakers,
Outdoor disconnect switches,
Indoor & outdoor instrument transformers,
Protection, PLCs & SCADA, Lightning arresters,
Cables, cable/bus ducts & control wires, Communication protocols and Standards
The following topics will be covered: the definition of a substation, an overview of the different type of substations and the functions of substations
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In the presentation, there is the depiction of advantages of Direct current over Alternate current, the current implementation of FACTS around the globe
Components of an electrical sub-station and their functions.
i.e. What are the basic components of an electrical sub station or a grid station and how they contribute in supplying, transformation and transmitting power?
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A power system control is required to maintain a continuous balance between power generation and load demand. Load Frequency Controller and Automatic Voltage Regulator play an important role in maintaining constant frequency and voltage in order to ensure the reliability of electric power.
The following topics will be covered: the definition of a substation, an overview of the different type of substations and the functions of substations
The presentation gives you the overview of the High Voltage Direct current and Flexible AC transmission systems.
In the presentation, there is the depiction of advantages of Direct current over Alternate current, the current implementation of FACTS around the globe
Components of an electrical sub-station and their functions.
i.e. What are the basic components of an electrical sub station or a grid station and how they contribute in supplying, transformation and transmitting power?
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission LinesRajaram Meena
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
A power system control is required to maintain a continuous balance between power generation and load demand. Load Frequency Controller and Automatic Voltage Regulator play an important role in maintaining constant frequency and voltage in order to ensure the reliability of electric power.
In this PPT you will learn the basics of electrical power transmission and distributuion, Basic components of power system, factors to be considered for erection of Overhead lines, etc.
Presentation made at the Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (NIEEE) Lagos Chapter. This article gives the reader the basic knowledge of what sub-stations are, how they are designed and the factors considered at the design stage as well as the various protections used at sub-stations.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
2. 2
• The main components of a power system:
Generators, transformers, transmission lines, load, and protection
and control equipment.
•Interconnected power system: generation is generally far away for
load centres.
•Electrical power can be very efficiently transmitted over very large
distances.
•Delivery of good-quality electrical energy at competitive prices is the
objective.
•The measure of the Quality of Electrical Supply in terms of:
Constant voltage magnitude, e.g. no voltage sags (lower than
the rated voltage) or swells (higher voltages)
Constant frequency
Higher power factor (will be explained later)
Balanced phases
Sinusoidal waveforms, e.g. no harmonic content
Lack of interruptions
Ability of withstand faults and recover quickly.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 3
1.2 General Composition of a Power Network
• For most practical purposes a power network maybe divided
into Generation, transmission, distribution and utilization (see
Figure).
500 kV Transmission Line
Power Plant
Generation
Residential
Customer
Commercial/
Industrial
Customer
Residential
Customer
Distribution
Pole
Urban
Customers
Primary Distribution Line
132 kV
SubTransmission Line
Distribution Transformer
(11/0.415 kV)
Secondary Grid
(132/11 kV)
Primary Grid
(500/132 kV)
Secondary Distribution
Underground Cable
To Other
132 kV
Substations
Switch Yard/Substation
(11-30 kV/500 kV)
5. 5
1.2.1 Power Generation
•Generation is generally far away from load centres.
•Different primary energy resources to stabilize pricing mechanism.
•Most of the electricity consumed worldwide is generated by three-
phase synchronous generators.
•In future with increased wind power generation asynchronous
induction generators will also be abundant.
•Fuel cells and photovoltaics will also contribute significantly in future.
•A synchronous generator has two parts; stator and rotor.
•Rotor, under steady-state conditions, rotates at synchronous speed.
•Synchronous machines are of two kinds:
Salient-pole machines
Round-rotor machines
•Steam turbine driven generators work at high speeds and have round
rotors.
•The rotor carries DC field winding.
•Hydro units work at low speed at have salient-pole rotors.
•Salient-pole rotors have damper windings besides field windings.
•Damper windings consist of bars, put in slots, on pole faces and
connected together at both ends.
6. 6
1.2.1 Power Generation Continued
•In general steam turbines contain no damper windings, but solid steel
of rotor offers a path for eddy currents having similar damping effects.
•For simulation purpose currents circulating either in damper windings
or solid steel can be treated as currents circulating in two closed
circuits.
•A synchronous machine can thus be assumed as having three stator
and three rotor windings; magnetically coupled together.
Coupled windings of a synchronous machine
•Relative position of rotor w.r.t. stator phase a is given by angle in the
above diagram.
•In rotor direct (d-) axis is magnetically centred in the north pole.
7. 7
1.2.1 Power Generation Continued
•Quadrature (q-) axis is located 90 degrees behind d-axis.
•In general, three main control systems affect the turbine-generator
set:
The boiler’s firing angle control
The governor control
The excitation system control.
Main controls of a generating unit
•The excitation system consists of an exciter and the AVR, automatic
voltage regulator.
8. 8
1.2.1 Power Generation Continued
•AVR controls the generator’s terminal voltage by controlling the
current in the field winding supplied by the exciter.
•Measured terminal voltage and desired voltage are compared to
produce error, which is used to change the exciter’s output.
•Exciters are either rotating or static.
•Static ones are preferred these days due to their fast dynamic
response and smaller response.
•Static exciters use thyristor rectifiers to adjust the field current.
9. 9
1.2.2 Power Transmission
•Transmission of large blocks of energy at high voltages is more
efficient.
•Transmission voltages in Pakistan are 500 kV and 220 kV.
•132 kV, in Pakistan, is generally called sub-transmission voltage.
Lines operating at 132 kV are known as sub-transmission lines.
•Step-up transformers in generating substations are used to increase
the voltage to transmission voltages.
•Step-down transformers, in distribution substations, are used to
decrease the voltages to manageable levels such as 11 kV or 66 kV.
•High voltage transmission is mostly AC overhead lines.
•DC overhead transmission lines are increasing being used to
increase the stability of power systems or for inter-connections
between different countries.
•Transmission lines are usually meshed to increase the reliability of
power (see Figure).
•Overhead transmission lines maybe double circuit lines (see Figure).
•Transmission lines used bundled ACSR (aluminium conductor steel
reinforced) conductors.
10. 10
1.2.2 Power Transmission Continued
Bundled conductors, with increased diameter, reduces inductance
of a transmission line.
Corona power loss also decreases due to lower potential gradients.
•One or two sky wires are used to provide protection against lightning.
•Underground cables are used in areas where overhead transmission
lines are impractical.
12. 12
1.2.3 Power Distribution
•Distribution may either be radial or mesh/loop.
•Radial system are simple, less costly but also less reliable.
•Primary distribution in Pakistan is 11 kV: distribution transformers are
11 kV delta/415 V wye (240 V; line to grounded neutral).
13. 13
1.2.4 Power Utilization
•Customers of electricity venders maybe classified as industrial,
commercial and domestic.
•In industrialized societies the first group may account for 2/5th of the
total demand.
•Some loads draw constant current from a power system and their
operation is affected by the variation of voltage and frequency.
•Such loads are induction motors, synchronous motors, DC motors.
•Other types of loads are less susceptible to variations in voltage and
frequency and exhibit constant-resistance characteristics.
•Some end-user loads can generate significant harmonic currents into
the system. The examples of such loads are: colour TV sets,
microwave ovens, energy-saving lamps, computer equipment,
industrial variable speed motor drives, battery recharging stations.
• For industrial applications, except for pumped hydro storage there is
little storage in the system.
•The generation must meet the demand and system’s losses.
•Load shedding may be used as last resort.