This presentation provides an overview of substations, including their classification, components, and functions. It discusses the different types of substations such as transformer substations, pole-mounted substations, and underground substations. Transformer substations are classified as step-up, primary grid, secondary, and distribution substations based on their voltage levels. Pole-mounted substations are constructed on poles for distribution. Underground substations are used in congested areas with limited space. The presentation also describes key equipment in substations like circuit breakers, transformers, isolators, and their protective functions.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
1. JOB OBJECTIVE
• Planning & Monitoring
• Design & Engineering
• Project management
• Substation & Transmission Line Project
2. PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES
Will be heading the Design Department
Rural Electrification/RARP/APDRP Exposure from concept to commissioning and detail design engineering esp. having North India project exposure.
Should have hand on experience in Electrical Design works for power system and transmission line projects and substation will be an added advantage.
Planning and preparing engineering deliverables include tender documents, technical specification, design data sheets, materials take off, details bill of materials, detail drawings.
Familiar with Indian and international standards and codes to deliver designs from concept to tender stage, including the various norm.
Electrical software application which include Power system analysis software (ETAP) and Lightening System software (Dia-Lux) etc.
Preparation of detail's project report for approval of funds on AT&C losses reduction and system strengthening of distribution network on PFC/NEF guidelines.
Designing of energy efficient facilities as per IGBC guideline, energy efficient measures as per BEE guidelines.
Prepartion of technical and financial proposals with repsect to the RFP/contract document for business development work
Power system studies through ETAP which includes short circuit study, load flow study, deman load calculation etc.
Should have experience in 33//11KV Distribution substation , 132/33KV Distribution.
Frequent travelling involve to Jammu & Kashmir.
Level of Education BE/B-Tech- Electrical
Experience 20 Years
Chic Export Company was established in Kolkata along with a group of well adept Engineers. The company is fully accredited by ISO 9001:2008 and has an abiding Interest in achieving the topmost stature by delivering products of finest quality and Providing the best of Electrical & Electronics solution services. All the equipments Manufactured are well in accordance with international standards and certified with the standard testing procedures.
We deal with the products are this like AUTO RECLOSER, CIRCUIT BREAKER, DIGITAL ELECTRonICS METER, POWER QUALITY METER, PREPAID ELECTRICITY METER, SWITCHES, COMPUTER MONITOR, MOBILES PHONE, CPU Etc….
An overview to segway and its working principal.It is a self balancing robot, used for transportation purpose.It failed due to many of its disadvantages
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. Flow of Presentation
Substation Introduction
Classification of substations
Transformer substation
Pole mounted substation
Underground substation
Power factor correction substation
Frequency changer substation
SUB-STATION EQUIPMENTS & ITS FUNCTIONS
1
3. Introduction
Sub-stations:- The assembly of
apparatus used to change some
characteristic (voltage ,a.c to d.c,
frequency, power factor, etc)of electrical
supply is called a Sub-stations.
3
4. A Substation should be-
Located at a proper site and at the center of gravity
of load.
Easily operated and maintained.
Involve minimum capital cost.
For safety, consideration must be given to the
maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for
carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal
occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire
etc .
For reliability, consideration must be given for good
design and construction, the provision of suitable
protective gear etc.
4
5. Classification of sub-
stations
According to service requirement
Transformer sub-stations.
Switching sub-stations.
Power factor correction sub-stations.
Frequency changer sub-stations.
converting sub-stations.
Industrial sub-stations
According to construction
Indoor sub-stations.
Outdoor sub-stations.
Underground sub-stations.
Pole-mounted sub-station.
5
6. Transformer sub-stations
They are concern with the
changing of voltage level
The majority of sub-stations in
power system are or transformer
type
Types
1. Step up sub-stations
2. Primary grid sub-stations
3. Secondary sub-stations
4. Distribution sub-stations
6
7. 7
Gs
11 kv
Step up sub-
stations
11/220kv
Primary grid
Substations
220/66kv
Secondary sub-
stations
66/11kv
Secondary sub-
stations
66/11kv
Distribution
sub-stations
11/0.4kv
Distribution
sub-
stations
11/0.4kv
Distribution
sub-
stations
11/0.4kv
High voltage
11kv consumer
High voltage
11kv consumer
Typical electrical supply system
8. Step Up Substation
Step up substations are associated with generating stations. Generation
of power is limited to low voltage levels due to limitations of the rotating
alternators. These generating voltages must be stepped up for
economical transmission of power over long distance. So there must be a
step up substation associated with generating station.
Primary Step Down Substation:
The primary step down sub stations are created nearer to load center
along the primary transmission lines. Here primary transmission voltages
are stepped down to different suitable voltages for secondary
transmission purpose.
Secondary Step Down Substation
Along the secondary transmission lines, at load center, the secondary
transmission voltages are further stepped down for primary distribution
purpose. The stepping down of secondary transmission voltages to
primary distribution levels are done at secondary step down substation.
Distribution Substation
Distribution substation are situated where the primary distribution
voltages are stepped down to supply voltages for feeding the actual
consumers through a distribution network. 8
9. Pole-mounted sub-station
Pole mounted substation are mainly
distribution substation constructed
on two pole, four pole and
sometime six or more poles
structures.
In these type of substation fuse
protected distribution transformer
are mounted on poles along with
electrical isolator switches.
The 11 kV line is connected to the
transformer through gang isolator
and fuses.
The lightning arresters are installed
on the H.T. side to protect the sub-
station from lightning strokes. The
transformer steps down the voltage
to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire supply
. The oil circuit breaker (O.C.B.)
installed on the L.T. side
automatically isolates the
transformer from
9
10. Underground Substation
Underground sub-ststion
The substation are
situated at underground
is called underground
substation.
In congested places
where place for
constructing distribution
substation is difficult to
find out, one can go for
underground sub –
station scheme.
10
11. The following points must be kept in view while laying
out underground sub-station
1. Size of station should be as minimum as possible.
2. There should be reasonable access for both
equipment and personnel.
3. There should be good ventilation.
4. There should be provision for remote indication of
excessive rise in temperature so that H.V.
5. The transformers, switches and fuses should be air
cooled to avoid bringing oil into the premises.
6. There should be provision for emergency lighting and
protection against fire.
11
12. Power factor correction sub-
stations. Those sub-stations which
improve the power factor of
the system are called power
factor correction sub-stations.
Such sub-stations are
generally located at the
receiving end of transmission
lines. These sub-stations
generally use synchronous
condensers as the power
factor improvement
equipment.
12
Power factor correction sub-stations
13. Frequency changer substation
. Those sub-stations
which change the
supply frequency are
known as frequency
changer sub-
stations. Such a
frequency change
may be required for
industrial utilisation.
13
14. SUB-STATION EQUIPMENTS & ITS
FUNCTIONS
Lightening Arrester
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in
the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage
entering the main station. This high voltage is very
dangerous to the instruments used in the substation.
Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any
damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening
arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station.
Bus-bars.
When a number of lines operating at the same voltage
have to be directly connected electrically, bus-bars are
used as the common electrical component. Bus-bars are
copper or aluminium bars (generally of rectangular x-
section) and operate at constant voltage. The incoming
and outgoing lines in a sub-station are connected to the
bus-bars. 14
15. Isolator
The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer
and the other instrument in the line. The isolator
isolates the extra voltage to the ground and thus any
extra voltage cannot enter the line. Thus an isolator is
used after the bus also for protection.
Circuit Breaker
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if
any fault occurs in any of the instrument. These circuit
breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other
instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault over
the station we need to break the line current. This is
only done automatically by the circuit breaker. There
are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any
substations. They are
a. SF6 circuit breakers
b. Spring circuit breakers.
15
16. Potential Transformer
There are two potential transformers used in the bus
connected both side of the bus. The potential
transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The
main use of this transformer is to measure the voltage
through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail
information of the voltage passing through the bus to
the instrument.
Voltage transformer.
It is essentially a step down transformer and steps
down the voltage to a known ratio. The primary of this
transformer consists of a large number of turns of fine
wire connected across the line. The secondary winding
consists of a few turns and provides for measuring
instruments and relays a voltage which is a known
fraction of the line voltage.
16
17. Current transformer (C.T.).
A current transformer in essentially a step-up
transformer which steps down the current to a known
ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of one or
more turns of thick wire connected in series with the
line. The secondary consists of a large number of turns
of fine wire and provides for the measuring instruments
and relays a current which is a constant fraction of the
current in the line.
. Miscellaneous equipment.
In addition to above, there may be following
equipment in a sub-station :
( i) fuses
( ii) carrier-current equipment
( iii) sub-station auxiliary supplies
17