Transmission and distribution system of electricity anjali s
Transmission and distribution system of electricity - generating stations - transmission system - substations - distribution system - diagram representation
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
Transmission and distribution system of electricity anjali s
Transmission and distribution system of electricity - generating stations - transmission system - substations - distribution system - diagram representation
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
Presentation made at the Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (NIEEE) Lagos Chapter. This article gives the reader the basic knowledge of what sub-stations are, how they are designed and the factors considered at the design stage as well as the various protections used at sub-stations.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
Presentation made at the Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (NIEEE) Lagos Chapter. This article gives the reader the basic knowledge of what sub-stations are, how they are designed and the factors considered at the design stage as well as the various protections used at sub-stations.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Supply Systems
I
n early days, there was a little demand for
electrical energy so that small power stations
were built to supply lighting and heating
loads. However, the widespread use of electrical
energy by modern civilisation has necessitated
to produce bulk electrical energy economically
and efficiently. The increased demand of electri-
cal energy can be met by building big power sta-
tions at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas)
or water energy is available in abundance. This
has shifted the site of power stations to places
quite away from the consumers. The electrical
energy produced at the power stations has to be
supplied to the consumers. There is a large net-
work of conductors between the power station
and the consumers. This network can be broadly
divided into two parts viz., transmission and dis-
tribution. The purpose of this chapter is to focus
attention on the various aspects of transmission
of electric power.
Simulation of different power transmission systems and their capacity of redu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
7. 1.7.3 Distribution System
“The part of power system which distributes
electrical power for local use is known as
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.”
This system is the electrical system between the
substation fed by the transmission system and
consumer meter.
Distribution line generally consist of
Feeders
Distributers
Service mains
9/20/2015
9. Feeder
A Feeder is conductor which connects the substation to the
area where power is to be distributed
Feeder are used to feed the electrical power from the
generating station to the substation
No tapings are taken from the feeder
So the current in it remains the same throughout
Main consideration in the design of feeder is
the Current carrying capacity.
9/20/20158
10. Distributer
A distributer is a conductor from which tapings are
taken from pole mounted transformer to the
consumer
The current through a distributer is not constant
because tapings are taken at various places along its
length
Voltage drop is main consideration
Limit of variation is 6% of rated at
consumer
9/20/20159
11. Service mains
A service mains is a generally a small cable which
connects the distributer to the consumer ‘s meter.
The connecting links between the distributor and the
consumer terminals.
9/20/201510
15. 1.7.4 classification of dc
distribution
Distribution system is a part of power system,
existing between distribution substations and
consumers.
It is further classified on the basis of voltage
Primary distribution system- 11 KV or 6.6 KV or 3.3 KV
Secondary distribution system- 415 V or 230 V
9/20/201516
16. Classification Of
Distribution
System:It can be classified under different considerations as;
1. Type Of Current:
a) AC Distribution System
b) DC Distribution System
2. Type Of Construction:
a) Overhead System
b) Underground System
9/20/201517
17. 3. Type Of Service:
a) General Lighting & Power
b) Industrial Power
c) Railway
d) Streetlight etc
c) Interconnected Distribution System
4. Number Of Wires:
a) Two Wire
b) Three Wire
c) Four Wire
5. Scheme Of Connection:
a) Radial Distribution System
b) Ring or Loop Distribution System
9/20/201518
18. Ac distribution
A.c. distribution system is the electrical system
between the step-down substation fed by the
transmission system and the consumers’ meters. The
a.c. distribution
system is classified into
( i) primary distribution system and
( ii) secondary distribution system.
9/20/201519
19. 1.7.5 Primary distribution system
voltages somewhat higher than general utilisation and
handles large blocks of electrical energy than the average
low-voltage consumer uses.
Commonly used primary distribution voltage 11KV, 6.6 KV,3.3
KV.
Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at
high voltage to the substation located in or near the city.
At this substation, voltage is stepped down to 11 kV with the
help of step-down transformer.
Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or
to big consumers at this voltage.
This forms the high voltage distribution or primary distribution.
9/20/201520
21. 1.7.6 Secondary distribution system
It is that part of a.c. distribution system which includes
the range of voltages at which the ultimate consumer
utilizes the electrical energy delivered to him.
The secondary distribution employs 400/230 V, 3-
phase, 4-wire system.
22
23. D.C. Distribution
D.c. supply is required for the operation of variable speed
machinery ( i.e., d.c. motors), for electro-chemical work and
for congested areas where storage battery reserves are
necessary.
For this purpose, a.c. power is converted into
d.c. power at the substation by using converting machinery
e.g., mercury arc rectifiers, and motor-generator sets.
24
24. Type of DC distributor
The dc supply from the substation may be
obtained in form of
( i) 2-wire or
( ii) 3-wire for distribution.
25
26. 27
Two outer and a middle or neutral wire is earthed at the
s/s.
Voltage between the outer is twice the voltage
between either outer and neutral wire.
Advantage – available two voltage at the consumer
terminal.
Loads requiring high voltage connected across the
outers.
Lamps and heating circuits requiring less voltage are
connected between either outer and neutral.
27. Method of obtaining 3 wire D.c
system
Two generator method.
3-wire D.c. generator.
Balancer set
9/20/201528
29. Two generator method
D.c generator G1 and G2 are connected in series and
the neutral is obtained from the common point btwn
generator
G1 supplies a I1, G2 supplies a I2
Difference of load current on both side (I1-I2) flow
through the neutral wire.
Disad.:two separate generator are required.
9/20/201530
31. 3-wire D.c. generator.
Consist of a standard 2 wire machine with one or
two coils of high reactance and low resistance that
connected to opposite points of the armature
winding.
Neutral wire is obtained from common
point.
9/20/201532
33. Radial Distribution
System:
9/20/2015
separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the
distributors at one end only.
Only one path is connected between each customer and
substation.
Electrical power flows along a single path.
If interrupted, results in complete loss of power to the customer.
.
34
34. Advantages:
Low cost .
Simple planning.
Disadvantages :
The radial system is employed only when power is
generated at low voltage and the substation is located at
the centre of the load.
Distributor nearer to feeding end is heavily loaded.
Consumers at far end of feeder would be subjected to
serious
voltage fluctuations
34
37. Ring or Loop Distribution
System: It consists of two or more paths between
power sources and the customer.
The loop circuit starts from the substation bus-bars,
makes a loop through the area to be served, and returns
to the substation
Advantages:
Less conductor material is required.
Less voltage fluctuations.
More reliable.
Disadvantages:
It is difficult to design as compared to the
design of radial system.
37 26/1/2018
40. 1.7.7 D.C. Distribution
D.c. supply is required for the operation of variable
speed machinery ( i.e., d.c. motors),
for electro-chemical work and for congested areas
where storage battery reserves are necessary.
For this purpose, a.c. power is converted into d.c. power
at the substation by using converting machinery e.g.,
mercury arc rectifiers, rotary converters and motor-
generator sets. The d.c. supply from the substation may
be obtained in the form of
9/20/201543
41. DC
Distribution: Voltage drop along distributor is considered as a
main factor while designing a distributor.
It depends upon the nature of load and also on
feeding, whether it is fed at one or both ends.
According to loading, a distributor can be classified as:
i. Fed at one end.
ii. Fed at both ends. a). With equal voltages.
b). With unequal voltages.
iii. Fed at centre.
Ring mains.
9/20/2015
43. a) The current in the various sections of the
distributor away from feeding point goes on decreasing.
Thus current in section AC is more than the current in
section CD and current in section CD is more than the
current in section DE.
(b) The voltage across the loads away from the
feeding point goes on decreasing. Thus in Fig. 13.1, the
minimum voltage occurs at the load point E.
(c) In case a fault occurs on any section of the
distributor, the whole distributor will have to be
disconnected from the supply mains. Therefore,
continuity of supply is interrupted
45. In this type of feeding the distributor is connected to the supply mains
at both ends and loads are tapped off at different points along the length
of the distributor.
The voltage at the feeding points may or may not be equal. distributor
A B fed at the ends A and B and loads of I1, I2 and I3 tapped off at points
C respectively.
Here, the load voltage goes on decreasing as we move away from one
feeding point say A , reaches minimum value and then again starts rising
and reaches maximum value when we reach the other feeding point B.
The minimum voltage occurs at some load point and is never fixed. It
is shifted with the variation of load on different sections of the
distributor.
46. Advantages
(a) If a fault occurs on any feeding point of the
distributor, the continuity of supply is main-tained from
the other feeding point.
(b) In case of fault on any section of the distributor, the
continuity of supply is maintained from the other feeding
point.
(C)The area of X-section required for a doubly fed
distributor is much less than that of a singly fed
distributor.
9/20/201549
48. 9/20/201551
In this type of feeding, the centre of the distributor is
connected to the supply mains as shown in Fig.
It is equivalent to two singly fed distributors,
each distributor having a common feeding point and
length equal to half of the total length
49. Overall discussion
From this lesson you are able to understand
the transmission and distribution system.
We have also seen about types of
distributors across the system.