Translating Romance Languages into English

Translating the
"Fit and Flair"
of Romance
Languages
Romina Marazzato Sparano

Background & Agenda
 Translatability: Text Building + Diverging Worldviews
(intralingual) (interlingual - idiosyncrasies)
 Idiosyncrasies : lexical vs. syntactic mismatches
 English ≠ Romance: manner, direction, result, possession, benefit
 Result verbs vs. Manner verbs
 Nominalizations
 Dative Clitics: larger scope in Romance
 Idioms? Case-by-case treatment?
 Unpack structure for systematic translations, not automatic!

Lexical Mismatches
Translating the "Fit and Flair” – SESSION MAP
● Verb/Satellite ● Nominalizations ● Clitics
 Direction
 Possession
 Ethical
 Result V
 Manner V + Satellite
o Intensifier
o Delimiter
Structural Mismatches
● Perceptual ● Experiential ● Conceptual
 Density
 Cohesion
 Sequence > Logico Resultatives
o Locative Alternations

Idiosyncrasies
 Conflicting worldviews
 Lexical mismatches: Naming relevant realities
 Perceptual
 Experiential
 Conceptual
 Structural Mismatches: Event construal options
 Verb- vs. Satellite-frame
 Resultatives
 Clitics
 TAM system

Translatability: Lexical Mismatches
Relevance given to ≠ realities:
 Perceptual (concrete): ʻaʻā & pāhoehoe (lava)
 Experiential (psych.): saudade, dépaysement, caricia, naz
 Ontological (abstract): yuanfen, estar/ser, empowerment

Translatability: Syntactic Mismatches
 ≠ event construal options
 Verb- vs. Satellite-frame: salir/uscire/sortir/sair vs. go out
 Resultatives: wipe the counter clean / dance the night away
 Clitic compounding: se lo leyó de un tirón / ci se ne poteva fidare
 TAM system: seria ele que falava / hubiera querido verlo /
j’aurais du lui parler
Gestalt

Se / BE + Verb
vs.
Phrasal Verb
(Se) Verb + PrepP
vs.
Verb + PrepP
3rd P impersonal
vs.
Passive
Event Construal: ≠ possibilities in the language
 Nature of the event
 Point of view of the speaker
lo empujaron / l’hanno spinto
il a eté poussé / he was pushed
se cayó / è caduto
il est tombé / he fell down
(se) tropezó con el alargador /
è inciampato sulla prolunga /
a trebouché sur la rallonge/
he tripped over the ext. cord

Verb-Frame vs. Satellite-Frame
how ≠ aspects of the event are expressed
English: path / result is external to the verb
> go out, come in, step/move aside
Romance: path / result is internal to the verb
> salir, entrar, correrse
> uscire, entrare, spostarsi
> sortir, entrer, s’écarter

Language Types SATELLITE
FRAME
VERB
FRAME
EQUIPOLLENTLY
FRAMED
Romance:
verbs convey
path / result
salir, entrar, correrse
uscire, entrare, spostarsi
sortir, entrer, s’écarter
English:
satellites convey
path / result
go out, come in, step aside

Difference in # of (single word) Prepositions
Spanish: a, ante, bajo, cabe, con, contra, cabe, de, desde, en, entre,
hacia, hasta, para, por, según, sin, so, sobre, tras.
Italian: a, da, di, con, in, per, su, tra/fra + davante, dentro, dietro, dopo,
fuori, lontano, lungo, mediante, prima, sopra, sotto.
French: a, après, avant, avex, chez, concernant, contre, dans, de depuis,
derrière, dès, devant, durant, en, entre, envers, hormis hors, jusque,
malgré, moyennant, nonobstant, outre, par, parmi pendant, pour, près,
sans, sauf, selon, sous, suivant, sur, touchant, vers, via.
Portuguese: a, ante, após, até, com, conforme, contra, consoante, de,
desde, durante, em, excepto, entre, mediante , para, perante, por, salvo,
sem, segundo, sob, sobre, trás.

Difference in # of (single word) Prepositions
English: aboard, about, above, absent, across, after, against,
along, alongside, amid, among, apropos, apud, around, as,
astride, at, atop, ontop, bar, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, chez, circa, come,
dehors, despite, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into,
less, like, minus, near, notwithstanding, of, off, on, onto,
opposite, out, outside, over, pace, past, per, plus, post, pre, pro,
qua, re, sans, save, short, since, than, through, throughout, till,
to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unlike, until, unto, up,
upon, upside, versus, via, vice, vis-à-vis, with, within, without,
worth.

Path/Result vs. Manner of Action
Romance: SALIR (a/fuera) - USCIRE (fuori) - SORTIR (dehors)
English: GO [how] + OUT > exit? leave? depart?
salir corriendo
sortir en courant
uscire di corsa
Manner
by Adjunct
Path / Result
by Prep / Adverbrun out

Main Verb Satellite Source / Goal
EN MANNER
RUN
PATH
out
Prep Phrase
of the office
SP
IT
FR
PO
PATH
SALIR
SORTIR
USCIRE
MANNER
corriendo
en courant
di corsa
Prep Phrase
del consultorio
du cabinet
dello studio
 Major implications for translation!!!
> Manner Conflation in English
> Path Incorporation in Spanish

Manner and Path in Real Text
Nella cultura anglossassone si pensa che quando un uccello entra
dentro casa annunci il decesso a breve termine di qualcuno.
http://www.nationalgeographic.it/natura/2014/01/17/foto/animali_superstizioni-1808919/11/?refresh_ce
A flock of birds flew into the house and I told Isidro to close all the
windows to catch some of those God-sent creatures.
Hortensia and The Museum of Dreams by Nito Cruz
Un oiseau entra dans la chambre. Curieux, il voleta de-ci, delà,
puis s’enfuit comme il était venu…
Bwa bande by Marie-Reine de Jaham
Tal es el miedo que se le tenía a los pájaros que […] si uno entraba
a su casa o aleteaba ante las ventanas, significaba que uno de los
habitantes […] se mudaría al más allá.
https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1448739-aves-de-la-suerte

Lost in Translation (Slobin, 2004)
 Manner is lost into Romance
 Manner not recovered into English
Un uccello è entrato in casa.
Un pájaro entró a la casa.
Un oiseau entra dans la maison
A bird flew ino the house.
A bird entered the room.
A bird got into the room.
A bird flew into the house.
Un uccello è entrato in casa.
Un pájaro entró a la casa.
Un oiseau entra dans la maison

Idiosyncrasy: Resultative Constructions
Resultative / One’s way / Time-away Constructions
He snuck his way out of the country.
He poured the cup full.
They danced the night away.
Lui ha riempito il bicchiere fino al’orlo.
Il a quitté discrètement le pays.
Se pasaron toda la noche bailando.
enter > go in > step in > wiggle in
SOURCE-ORIENTED TARGET-
ORIENTED
FOREIGNIZATION DOMESTICATION
+ THEME - RESULT: sneak something in / wiggle something loose

Idiosyncrasy: Let’s Practice
Siente el viento frío en las mejillas mientras
desciendes por la montaña a toda velocidad.
Feel the icy wind blow back your hair as
you zip your way down the slopes.
Feel the cold wind on your cheeks as
you descend the mountain at full speed.
Feel the icy wind on your cheeks as you
ski down the mountain at full speed.

Idiosyncrasy: Theme or Location as OBJECT
 Which argument is used as object/verb?
Shelve the books
Stock the shelves
LOCATION THEME
incorporated object
THEME LOCATION
incorporated object
Saddle the horse

Location/Theme + Resultative
 Manner verbs (+ result satellite) are prone to alternation
Romance Result English Manner
sweep the crumbs away
clear the streets of
fallen trees
despejar / sparecchiare / débarrasser
vaciar / svuotare / vider
limpiar / pulire / nettoyer
remove / empty / clean …
sweep the floor clean
clear the fallen trees off
the streets

Theme/Location
The worker loaded the sand on the truck.
The driver loaded the truck with sand.
El chofer llenó el camión (de arena).
Sense of progress
Sense of completion
… ha riempì il camion / remplit le camion …

Let’s Practice: Locative alternation
Il cameriere ha pulito il tavolo con uno straccio molto sporco
ungendo il tavolo con tutte le salse che avevano consumato i
commensali precedenti.
from Paola Cosettini
The waiter cleaned the table with a filthy rag smearing the table
with the sauces eaten by the previous diners.
The waiter wiped the table with a filthy rag smearing the leftover
sauces from the previous diners all over our table.

Let’s Practice: Resultative + Alternation
…the expert cleaned the table with a brush, to prevent us from
hurting ourselves with the remaining fragments of flintstone…
La guida ci ha dato un pezzo di selce con il quale scheggiare sul
tavolo un altro pezzo da portare a casa […]. Subito dopo
l’esperto ci ha pulito il tavolo con una scopa, per evitare che ci
facessimo male con i frammenti di selce residui, e ci ha detto di
prendere un pezzo d’argilla...
…the expert swept the table clean, so we wouldn’t get hurt by
leftover flintstone chips…
…the expert swept the flinstone chips away, so we wouldn’t
get hurt…

Let’s practice: Un esqueleto bien templado
Sin pensarlo, Corinto limpió el candelabro con la falda de su
camisa para borrar las huellas digitales y, sorprendido por su
acción de maleante de película policial, se quedó mirando a Tran-
Beltrán en busca de alguna explicación.
Jaime Casas
Without thinking, Corinto cleaned the candleholder with the
bottom of his shirt to erase his prints, and, surprised by this thug-
like behavior straight out of a movie, he kept looking at Tran-
Beltrán in search of some explanation.

Let’s practice: Un esqueleto ~ Literal Versions
Sans réfléchir, Corinto nettoya le chandelier avec la jupe de sa
chemise pour effacer les empreintes digitales et, surpris par son
geste de voyou de film policier, il fixa Tran-Beltrán à la recherche
d’explications.
Senza pensarci, Corinto pulì il candelabro con la gonna della
camicia per cancellare le impronte digitali e, sorpreso dalla sua
azione da criminale di un film poliziesco, fissò Tran-Beltrán in
cerca di qualche spiegazione.

Let’s practice: Un esqueleto…
Instinctively, Corinto rubbed his prints off the candleholder
with the bottom of his shirt, and, surprised by this thug-like
behavior straight out of a movie, he stared at Tran-Beltrán
looking for an explanation.
Without thinking, Corinto cleaned the candleholder with the
bottom of his shirt to erase his prints, and, surprised by this thug-
like behavior straight out of a movie, he kept looking at Tran-
Beltrán in search of some explanation.

Let’s practice: Storia di Iqbal by Francesco D’Adamo
Le «teste di legno» erano stupide: lo sanno tutti che in questi casi
basta prendere il coltello che usiamo per raschiare i nodi e incidere
le bolle. Esce l’acqua e per un po’ fa male ma con il tempo la pelle
ricresce e si indurisce e poi non senti più niente.
The numskulls were stupid. Everybody knew that in such cases all
you have to do is take the knife we use for trimming the knots and
cut the blister. The liquid exits and it hurts for a while, but in time
the skin regrows and hardens, and you don’t feel anything anymore.

Let’s practice: Iqbal
The numskulls weren’t bright. Everybody else knew that all you
had to do is take the knife we use for scraping the knots and poke
the blister open. The liquid drips out and it hurts for a while, but in
time the skin grows back together, so you don’t feel anything
anymore.
The numskulls were stupid. Everybody knew that in such cases all
you have to do is take the knife we use for trimming the knots and
cut the blister. The liquid exits and it hurts for a while, but in time
the skin regrows and hardens, and you don’t feel anything anymore.

Revisiting the Classics: Don Quixote
La del alba sería cuando don Quijote salió de la venta, tan
contento, tan gallardo, tan alborozado por verse ya armado
caballero, que el gozo le reventaba por las cinchas del caballo.
Metella by George Sand
Il appela son valet de chambre pour qu'il lui fit la barbe, et
s'impatientait sérieusement de ne pouvoir retrouver dans son
nécessaire une certaine savonnette au garafoli qu'il avait
achetée à Parme, lorsque le comte de Buondelmonte entra
dans sa chambre.

 Direction
 Possession
 Ethical
 Result V
o Intensifier
o Delimiter
 Density
 Cohesion
 Recover Manner
in result events
 Resultative Constructions
result, time-away, one’s way
 Locative Alternations
for manner/result contrast

Nominalization
Pourquoi l'évaluation à l’école est-elle nécessaire ?
Why do we need to evaluate children in school?
 Turns verbs into nouns: abstraction from action
 “Watch out!” / “Use action verbs”
Why do we need assessment in education?
An evaluation is necessary. We need to evaluate.

Nominalization
1- Adds lexical density
 Participant + Process > single grammatical entity
 Asynchronous revision > richer text
An analysis of the prefrontal cortex shows…
The researchers analyzed the prefrontal
cortex and found that…
+ = N
actionagent
abstraction

Nominalization
2- Allows logical vs. chronological organization
 Product vs. Process > rhetorical vs. narrative options
A reminder of upcoming appointments will be sent.
We will remind you of your upcoming appointments.
PRODUCT
PROCESS

Nominalizations
3- Is a cohesive device
 Information flow
> Picks up rheme
from last sentence
Most importantly I strongly believe in the mission, vision
and direction of the school. These beliefs inspire me to
take on this new challenge and lead our schools.
Most importantly I strongly believe in the mission, vision
and direction of the school. These beliefs inspire me to
take on this new challenge and lead our schools.
LEXICAL
pronouns, repetitions
synonyms, hyponyms, hypernyms
definitions, explanations
word families and topical lexicons
GRAMMATICAL
ellipsis
references & substitutions
recasting (fronting, passive, cleft…)
discourse markers & punctuation
TAM system

Nominalizations: verbs made into nouns
 Romance: habitual verbs
entrare inscrire postergar
▼ ▼ ▼
entrata inscription postergación
 English: non-habitual verbs
(enter) (enroll) (postpone)
▼ ▼ ▼
entrance enrollment postponement
▲ ▲ ▲
come in sign up put off

Density:
Pack participant + process
into a sensory experience
Il importe d’avoir une connaissance et une compréhension
communes de ces besoins afin d’offrir les services pertinents qui
doivent y être associés. from Grant Hamilton
It’s important to have a shared knowledge and understanding of
those needs to offer the services that are required to meet them.
To be able to offer the right services, we must all be on
the same page in terms of what those needs entail.

Density:
Reverse abstraction to habitual verbs
> Verb/Satellite!
L'objectif ultime du marketing et du recrutement pour l'enseignement
supérieur est l’augmentation du nombre d'inscriptions ainsi que
l’amélioration de la qualité du corps étudiant des établissements.
…the increase in the number of enrollments as well as the
improvement of the quality of the student body…
…to increase the number… and improve the quality…
…to pump up admissions … and bring up the quality…

Cohesion:
Find an alternative cohesion strategy
El senador entró sigilosamente al recinto. Pero su entrada no
pasó desapercibida.
The senator tiptoed his way into the room. But he did not go
unnoticed.
The senator stealthily entered the room. But his entrance
did not go unnoticed.

Logic: Recover the sequential order
Les changements de la prise en charge des lombalgies sont la
conséquence d’un approfondissement des savoirs cliniques,
biomécaniques, physiologiques et psychologiques qui tous influencent
la compréhension de cette pathologie. from Peter Prowse
The changes in the management of lumbago are the result of a
deepening of clinical, biomechanical, physiological, and psychological
knowledge that all influence the understanding of this pathology.
New clinical, biomechanical, physiological, and psychological
knowledge allows us to better understand low back pain. As a
result, we have changed how we manage this ailment.
changes < (knowledge > understanding)
knowledge > understanding > changes

Logic:
Be ok with your rhetorical priorities
Uno de los puntos más importantes del Acuerdo de París, tratado
fundamental aprobado en diciembre de 2015 por 195 países en la
cumbre del clima de París (COP21), recoge el compromiso de los
países en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Este pacto global
logró algo que rara vez…
One of the most important points of the Paris Agreement, a
landmark accord approved in December 2015 by 195 countries
at the Paris Climate Conference (COP21), reflects the
countries’ commitment in the fight against climate change.
This global agreement achieved something rarely…

Let’s Practice: Density
 Face à la concurrence de plus en plus accrue, les marges d'inefficacité
des entreprises sont de plus en plus minces. Ces dernières doivent
mettre tout en branle afin d'augmenter leur efficacité
organisationnelle. from Grant Hamilton
Faced with increasing competition, tolerance for inefficiency is
growing smaller every day.
In an increasingly competitive market, you need to squeeze
every ounce of performance out of your business.

Let’s Practice: Cohesion
Au sein de l’Université franco-allemande (UFA), le président et les vice-
président, l'un français, l'autre allemand, alterneront leurs fonctions à
mi-mandat. Cette alternance a pour but d’assurer que l’UFA soit donc
présidée en permanence par un membre français et un membre allemand
de façon équilibrée.
Within the Franco-German University (UFA), the president and vice
president, one French and the other German, will alternate their
functions half way through their mandate. This alternation is intended to
ensure that UFA is permanently presided by a Fench and a German
member in a balanced fashion.
Within the Franco-German University (UFA), the French president and
German vice president will exchange roles half way through their
mandate. This will ensure that UFA is always led by a French and a
German member in a balanced fashion.

Let’s Practice: Density & Verb/Satellite
Las autoridades deportivas de la UNAM decidieron que la postergación
del partido […] era lo major para todos los involucrados.
UNAM’s Athletics Department decided the postponement of the
match…
…to postpone the match…
…to put off the match…

Il prezzo medio degli appartamenti in vendita (3.000 €/m²) è di circa il
67% superiore alla quotazione media regionale. Diventano prezzi
proibitivi per gli anziani e le giovane famiglie. Ma c’è bisogno che la
città resti viva e vivibile per chi è qui e ci lavora…
The average price of apartments for sale (€ 3,000 / m²) is about
67% higher than the average regional price. These become
prohibitive prices for the elderly and young families.
The average price of apartments for sale (€ 3,000 / m²) is
about 67% higher than the regional average. We are pricing
out the elders and young families.
Let’s Practice: Cohesion + Verb/Satellite

 Direction
 Possession
 Ethical
 Result V
o Intensifier
o Delimiter
 Density
 Cohesion
 Use sensory image / verb-satellite
 Find an alternative
cohesion strategy
 Recover the sequence
 Prioritize logical order

Datives in Romance: “the Giving Clitic”
Direction
Prep. Phrases in EN
Elle te souri.
> She smiles at you.
Lui si lava le mani.
He washes his hands.
No me come nada.
He does not eat for me.
Possession
Ethical

Datives: Ethical Intensifier
 Intensifier: > coreferential with subject
> NOT doubled
> semantic threshold
Je me suis regardé toute la saison en une seule soirée (*moi même).
Mi sono bevuto una birra fresca prima de uscire.
LIT I me-DAT have watched the whole season in one evening (*myself).
I drank me a German beer in your honor.
 Italian intensifier
 Appalachian English personal dative
I watched the whole entire season in one sitting!

Datives: Ethical Delimiter
 Delimiter: > benefaction / malefaction
> NO co-referential subject (no reflexivity)
> can co-occur with argumental dative
LIT I shouted, you--DAT (I) call the police…
Ho gridato, ti chiamo la polizia. Ma ero paralizzata.
difference is often lexicalized in English with
“for + GOAL” for benefaction
“on + GOAL” for malefaction
¿Me le hacés la comida al nene mientras yo limpio?
LIT Me-DAT him-DAT make the food to the baby while I clean?Would you cook the baby’s dinner for me while I clean?
I yelled, “I’ll call the police on you.”…

Direction: Let’s Pratice
 Human transfer ending in possession
 Non-human / Non-possession
Le había puesto a la mesa un mantel blanco.
Gli ho vomitato addosso la mia angoscia.
LIT It-DAT (he) had put to the table a white tablecloth.
Him-DAT (I) poured on my anguish.
Ti ha inviato questo cucciolo smarrito e tu lo devi aiutare.
He sent you this rescue puppy and you have to help him.
He had spread a white tablecloth on the table.
I poured my anguish on him.

Them-DAT were stolen passports and money.
Gli sono stati rubati passaporti e denaro.
Possession: Let’s Practice
 Genitive relation with a co-referential NP (possessor)
LIT SE-verbal her-DAT filled the eyes with tears.
Se le llenaron los ojos de lágrimas (a Lía).
Estuvo así un rato sin hacer nada, sólo fumando y mirando la
bahía mientras la brisa le refrescaba la piel y los recuerdos.
LIT…while the breeze him-DAT refreshed the skin and the memories.
Their passports and money were stolen.
Her eyes filled with tears.
…while the breeze refreshed his skin and his memories.

*The CAUSAL interpretation in the
reflexive occurs in all persons.
Se rompió el brazo!
He broke your arm.
Even if himself-DAT shaved the beard…
Te rompió el brazo.
Himself-DAT broke the arm.
Je me suis coupé les cheveux chez Jean Louis David et je vous assure…
I me-DAT have cut the hair at Jean Louis David and …
Anche se si è tagliato la barba... miei occhi non mentono!
Causal Interpretation
He broke his (own) arm.
Even when he shaved off his beard / had his beard shaven…
I had my hair cut by a Jean Louis David stylist and …

His sunglasses broke while he was skiing.
Se le rompieron las gafas esquiando.
The sun glasses broke on him while skiing.
Blurring of Meaning
Ethical Dative Interpretation
Possessive Dative Interpretation
(A él)
Them-verbal him-DAT broke the sun skiing.

Let’s Practice: Datives
Panico a Fasano: «Aiuto, mi hanno rubato l'auto e con mamma dentro»
A Pedro le robaron tu auto de mi cochera.
LIT To Pedro him- DAT they stole your car from my garage.
LIT”Help, me-DAT (they) have stolen the car and with mom inside.”
On lui a volé ta voiture de mon garage.
Gli hanno rubato la tua machina dal mio parcheggio.
“Help! My car was stolen with my mom inside.”
Your car was stolen from my garage on Pedro’s watch.

 Direction
 Possession
 Ethical
 Result V
o Intensifier
o Delimiter
 Density
 Cohesion
 Prepositional phrases
 Possessives
 Threshold
 ‘for’ + goal > benef.
‘on’ + goal > malef. (from)

Exercise: Industrial Equipment
• Remove drain hose from unit and remove pump and
tray from unit.
• Remove pump from tray.
• Clean all surfaces of the plastic catch tray with a
damp cloth or by rinsing them.
•Saque la manguera de drenaje de la unidad y retire la
bomba y la bandeja de recolección de la unidad.
•Retire la bomba de la bandeja.
•Limpie todas las superficies de la bandeja plástica de
recolección con un trapo húmedo o enjuagándolas.

• Saque la manguera de drenaje de la unidad y retire la bomba y la
bandeja de recolección de la unidad (deslizándolas hacia afuera).
• Retire la bomba de la bandeja (alzándola).
• Limpie todas las superficies de la bandeja plástica de recolección
con un trapo húmedo.
• Remove drain hose from unit and remove pump and tray from unit
(sliding them out).
• Remove pump from tray (by lifting).
• Clean all surfaces of the plastic catch tray with a damp cloth.

• Remove drain hose from unit and remove pump and tray from unit
(sliding them out).
• Remove pump from tray (by lifting).
• Clean all surfaces of the plastic catch tray with a damp cloth.
• Remove drain hose from unit and slide pump and tray out of the
unit.
• Lift pump out of plastic catch tray.
• Wipe all surfaces of the plastic catch tray with a damp cloth.

Exercise: Verb vs. Satellite Frame
Desde el inicio de la infección, las espiroquetas provocan una infección
generalizada que afecta todos los tejidos del cuerpo. Una vez que logran
penetrar la barrera de la piel o las membranas mucosas, las bacterias
ingresan a los capilares sanguíneos que aceleran su pasaje a los nódulos
linfáticos más cercanos. Allí se multiplican rápidamente y comienzan a
invadir el torrente sanguíneo. En solo unos días, invaden todo el cuerpo.
From the onset of infection, spirochetes inflict a generalized disease
involving tissues throughout the entire body. Once they manage to
penetrate the skin barrier or mucous membranes, the spirochetes enter
the lymph capillaries, where they accelerate their passage into the
nearest lymph glands. There, they multiply at a rapid rate and start to
invade the bloodstream…

Exercise: Verb vs. Satellite Frame
Once they wiggle their way through the skin or mucous membrane, the
spirochetes enter the lymph capillaries, where they are hurried along
to the nearest lymph glands. There, they multiply at a rapid rate and
work their way into the bloodstream…
Once they manage to penetrate the skin barrier or mucous membranes,
the spirochetes enter the lymph capillaries, which accelerate their
passage into the lymph glands. There, they multiply at a rapid rate and
invade the bloodstream…

Romina Marazzato Sparano
 Direction
 Possession
 Ethical
 Result V
o Intensifier
o Delimiter
 Density
 Cohesion
 Prepositional phrases
 Possessives
 Semantic threshold
 ‘for’ + goal > benef.
‘on’ + goal > malef.
 Use sensory image
 Find an alternative
cohesion strategy
 Recover the sequence
 Prioritize logical order
 Recover Manner
in result events
 Resultative Constructions
time-away, one’s way
 Locative Alternations
for manner/result contrast

Image Attributions
Most images are sourced through for-fee accounts at
123rf.com & Clipart.com
All Logos and Trademarks and the property of their respective
owners and are used in this presentation for educational purposes

Translating Romance Languages into English

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