Syntax & Stylistics3
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The document discusses parts of speech and provides more accurate definitions based on morphological and syntactic properties rather than semantic descriptions. It notes that earlier definitions based on meaning, such as a noun being a person, place or thing, are problematic. The document then gives improved definitions for common parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs by focusing on their morphological features like affixes and syntactic behaviors like position and relations to other words.
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The document discusses parts of speech (POS) and issues with defining word categories based solely on meanings. It argues that POS are better defined by considering a word's syntactic and morphological properties. Examples are given of the syntactic and morphological properties that help define nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Frequency analyses of texts also show that most common words are function words rather than content words.
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b) It was obvious to the teacher that the student was not intelligent.
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This document discusses endangered languages and provides examples of languages that are extinct or nearing extinction. It notes that many of the world's smallest languages are disappearing, with estimates that half of the world's approximately 6,000 languages could be extinct within 100 years. Examples are provided of some of the last speakers of languages like Kayardild, Aka-Bo, and various Great Andamanese languages. Factors that endanger languages are discussed, including assimilation, lack of transmission to younger generations, and globalization. Responses to language endangerment include documentation efforts and revitalization programs for languages like Chitimacha and Navajo.
Historical linguistics
The document discusses how languages change over time through natural processes. It notes that after 1,000 years, languages diverge to the point of no longer being mutually intelligible, and after 10,000 years the relationship becomes indistinguishable from unrelated languages. The rate of change varies, but systematic sound changes and borrowing are the main drivers of divergence. The comparative method is used to reconstruct ancestral languages and classify languages into families based on regular sound correspondences.
Somerville
1) Finding a shared ethical framework in our interdependent and pluralistic world is crucial for our survival, not optional.
2) We must use all aspects of human understanding, including science, stories, imagination and moral intuition, to develop a shared sense of ethics.
3) Starting with a shared respect for nature and the innate human moral sense can help build the foundations for a global ethical system focused on our common humanity.
The trolley problem
The document discusses four variations of the classic "Trolley Problem" moral dilemma. In each scenario, the reader must make a choice that will directly lead to someone's death or multiple someones' deaths. While the numbers seem to indicate the same utilitarian outcome each time, people's moral instincts tend to view pushing someone in front of a trolley as less permissible than flipping a switch to change the trolley's path. The document questions why our views differ on these cases that have similar utilitarian calculations.
Challengesto piaget
The document discusses different perspectives on cognitive development in infants and children, including Piaget's theory of constructivism, nativism, and domain specificity. It summarizes experimental methods used to study development, such as habituation studies and preferential looking tasks. Key findings are presented showing infants have innate knowledge of objects, including principles of continuity, cohesion and contact.
Endangered languages
The document discusses the threat facing endangered languages around the world. It estimates that as many as half of the approximately 6,000 languages currently spoken may become extinct by the end of the 21st century. Several factors are contributing to this decline, including nation-state building processes, universal education, and the spread of dominant languages like English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. While documentation of endangered languages is important, long-term preservation requires communities where the language is spoken and transmitted between generations.
Parameter setting
The document discusses Universal Grammar and the Principles and Parameters approach to language acquisition. It explains that children are born with innate linguistic knowledge called Universal Grammar that contains principles of language and parameters that can vary between languages. Children use UG to set the parameters of their native language based on the linguistic input they receive, allowing them to acquire language despite the "poverty of the stimulus" in the data.
Sugarand slavery
The document discusses the history and development of sugar production and its connection to slavery. It traces the evolution of sugar cultivation from ancient times through its introduction in Europe via the Crusades. The large-scale plantation system originated in Brazil and spread through the colonization of the Caribbean and Americas. Plantations were labor-intensive and relied heavily on African slaves, who were forcibly transported in large numbers. The slave trade generated significant wealth but also involved immense human suffering. The plantation economy collapsed in the 1800s due to abolitionism, competition from sugar beets, and inefficiencies of the slave system.
Concepts and categories.ppt
1) Concepts are represented in different ways including prototypes, exemplars, and schemas. Prototypes represent concepts as central tendencies while exemplars represent individual category members.
2) The basic level of categorization, such as chair or dog, provides the optimal balance between predictive power and accuracy. It is also the earliest learned and most natural level of naming.
3) Exemplar models better explain categorization data by accounting for variability and typicality effects compared to prototype models which lose information about individual exemplars.
Early language development
This document discusses early language development in infants and children. It covers prelinguistic communication through babbling, gestures, and pointing that occurs before children start using words. It then examines phonological, lexical, and semantic development as children's vocabularies grow. Some key points discussed include: infants producing prelinguistic vocalizations and gestures between 8-12 months; a noun bias in children's early words across languages; challenges to the noun bias from studies of other languages; and constraints that help children map words to meanings as their vocabularies develop.
Phonetics
The document discusses phonetics and the creation of speech sounds. It explains that speech sounds are created when air from the lungs passes through the vocal tract. The positions of the articulators like the vocal folds, tongue, and lips modify the air to create different speech sounds. It also discusses the source-filter model of speech production and the anatomy of structures involved like the larynx and vocal folds.
Qm for ic
This document provides an introduction to the Quality Matters program and course review rubric. It discusses factors that affect course quality and explains that QM reviews focus on ensuring alignment between course objectives, activities, resources, assessments and technology. The rubric contains 8 general standards and key sections that must be aligned. For a course to meet quality expectations through QM review, it must score a yes on 17 essential standards and earn a minimum of 72 out of 85 total points.
Mindreading
This document provides an overview of theory of mind, including its history, development in children, and relationship to autism. It discusses key findings such as:
- Premack and Woodruff's experiment showing chimpanzees can attribute mental states to humans
- Wimmer and Perner's false belief task showing children develop theory of mind around age 4
- Baron-Cohen's theory that autism involves impairments in the shared attention mechanism module of theory of mind
- Debate around nativist vs. cognitive vs. social interactionist perspectives on the development of theory of mind.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. A semantic theory aims to characterize a speaker's linguistic knowledge, including word meanings, compositional sentence meanings, and how context influences interpretation. However, developing such a theory poses challenges such as avoiding circular definitions, distinguishing linguistic from encyclopedic knowledge, and accounting for individual and contextual variation in meaning. Theories utilize a semantic metalanguage and concepts to characterize core meanings independently of language. They also distinguish semantics from pragmatics, where contextual implications are considered.
Semantics and pragmatics
The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including context, inference, implicature, speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle. Context guides pragmatic meaning and inference beyond literal semantics. Speech acts are social actions performed through language that depend on felicity conditions. Grice proposed conversational maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner to describe cooperative frameworks underlying conversations. Speakers can flout maxims to generate implicatures for purposes like sarcasm or diplomacy.
Hockett
Charles Hockett identifies 16 design features of human language including vocal production, rapid fading of signals, interchangeability of roles between speakers, ability to perceive and correct errors, biologically trivial signals, semanticity or reference to objects in the world, arbitrariness of signals, discreteness of parts, ability to refer to things not present, productivity or ability to create novel utterances, cultural transmission through learning, duality of patterning, ability to communicate about communication, and learnability of new languages. He analyzes communication systems in other species like bees, monkeys, apes and whales against these design features and finds they lack several features like displacement, productivity and duality of patterning that are central to human language.
E learning buffet
The document discusses eLearning resources available at a community college including a live webinar platform, communication tools, and lecture capture solution. It notes that 183 course sections were offered online or in hybrid format in Fall 2010. Training is available in small groups by appointment on tools like ANGEL, Elluminate, Tegrity, blogs, and wikis. An eLearning handbook provides information on adopting eLearning formats, available tools, course design, and resources.
E learning buffet
The document discusses eLearning resources available at a community college including a live webinar platform, communication tools, and lecture capture solution. It notes that 183 course sections were offered online or in hybrid format in the Fall 2010 semester. Training is available in small groups by appointment for tools like ANGEL, Elluminate, Tegrity, blogs, and wikis. An eLearning handbook provides information on adopting eLearning formats, available tools, course design, accessibility, copyright, and professional development opportunities. Contact information is given for the eLearning support manager and technician.
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Syntax & Stylistics3
- 1. Syntax & Stylistics Parts of Speech
- 4. FAIL.
- 10. The Jabberwock
- 11. A Poem One, two! One, two! And through and through The vorpal blade went snicker-snack! He left it dead, and with its head He went galumphing back. "And, has thou slain the Jabberwock? Come to my arms, my beamish boy! O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!' He chortled in his joy. `Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. `Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!" He took his vorpal sword in hand: Long time the manxome foe he sought -- So rested he by the Tumtum tree, And stood awhile in thought. And, as in uffish thought he stood, The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame, Came whiffling through the tulgey wood, And burbled as it came!
- 21. Science can be Fun!