The document discusses theories of transfer of learning and types of motivation in learning. It describes four theories of transfer of learning: the theory of mental disciplines, the theory of identical elements, the theory of generalization, and the theory of configuration. It also discusses two types of motivation in learning - intrinsic motivation, which comes from internal needs and desires, and extrinsic motivation, which comes from external incentives like rewards or praise.

1. Transfer of Learning

2. TRANSFER OF LEARNING
• It implies a carrying over and
application of the knowledge, skills,
habits, ideals, attitudes or values
acquired in one situation to another.

3. THEORIES OF
TRANSFER OF LEARNING
• The Theory of Mental Disciplines
Based on the old faculty psychology
which maintains that the various faculties of
the mind can be developed through training
and can become capable of effective
performance in all areas in which they are
involved. Thus the training of the faculty of
memory for names, meaningful material
and, in fact, for anything which calls for
memory.

4. • THE THEORY OF IDENTICAL ELEMENTS
This theory was formulated by Thorndike
which maintains that the amount of transfer
depends upon the identical elements or
elements that are common in both situations.
The identical elements, such as content,
method, aim, or attitude present in both
situations facilitate learning.

5. • Example: A study of Latin helps in
interpreting many English words. Since
many English words are derived from
Latin, then the transfer is due to Identity of
content.
• THE THEORY OF GENERALIZATION
The Theory formulated by Charles H.
Judd, which maintains that transfer is a form
of generalization which can be encouraged
by training. It means that experiences
obtained in one situation are applicable to
other situations.

6. • It puts emphasis upon the value to
understand, organize, and generalize
specific experiences. There is a need for
the learner to interpret relationships and to
be able to recognize and apply to other
situations the previously acquired facts or
principles.

7. • THE THEORY OF CONFIGURATION
This theory is based on the Gestalt
theory of learning. It holds that the transfer
of training from one situation to another is
the result of the application of certain
principles of configuration. It means that the
transfer of acquired patterns of response to
a new situation depends upon the insight of
the learner into the total situation to enable
him to use those patterns.

8. Motivation in Learning

9. • Motivation is a process in which the
individual’s attention and interest are
aroused and directed toward definite
goals. An individual’s attention and interest
can be aroused to the extent that his
needs, whether basic or acquired, are
involved.
• It is the job of the teacher to create an
atmosphere which provides desirable
outlets for needs in the direction of
worthwhile incentives – an atmosphere in
which interests will as a consequence
flourish.

10. TYPES OF MOTIVATION
IN LEARNING
• 1. Intrinsic Motivation
This type of motivation is an internal
stimulus to learning. It is based on motives
that every individual strives to satisfy.
Motives are intrinsic, or within the person.
They have their roots in needs and drives.
Motive is a though, feeling, or condition that
causes one to act. The most common forms
of intrinsic motivation are the desire for
knowledge, the desire to explore, and the
desire to construct.

11. 2. Extrinsic Motivation
This type of motivation is an external
stimulus to learning activity. Praise and
blame, rivalry, rewards and punishments are
some of the more common types of extrinsic
motivation. It is based on incentives.
Incentive is the means employed to evoke
attitude conducive to learning.
In Extrinsic Motivation the pupil is
encouraged to do good school work by such
drives as marks, honors, prizes,
scholarships, and privileges.