Transcription and translation
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The document summarizes key concepts in molecular genetics from DNA to protein production. It explains that (1) gene expression is regulated by controlling the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein, (2) transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA copy of DNA, and (3) translation uses ribosomes to synthesize a polypeptide based on the mRNA sequence.
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Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Lecture 6 (biol3600) transcription m rna processing- winter 2012 pw
This chapter discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences with the help of a sigma factor. Transcription proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, transcription requires chromatin remodeling and the binding of basal transcription factors that help recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter. RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA with the assistance of transcription factors that recognize regulatory promoter elements.
transcription and rna
The document discusses transcription and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic code to make proteins, and transcription is the process of copying this code from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids in the cytoplasm. The key steps are: 1) DNA unzips and mRNA nucleotides pair with the DNA template, 2) mRNA exits the nucleus where ribosomes read its code 3) Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. Mutations can occur during transcription or DNA replication and result in substitutions, deletions or insertions of genetic code.
Transcription of DNA
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription in prokaryotes
This document discusses the central dogma of biology and the process of transcription. It describes the three main steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the RNA polymerase binding to the promoter sequence on DNA and separating the DNA strands to form an open complex. Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to synthesize RNA. Termination can occur via either Rho-independent or Rho-dependent mechanisms, with the former utilizing a terminator sequence and hairpin structure in the RNA and the latter involving the Rho protein.
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
Transcription
This document discusses transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by explaining the central dogma and gene expression. It then defines key terms like gene, transcription, RNA polymerase, template strand, and primary transcript. The document outlines the steps of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the transcription bubble and pre-initiation complex. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and RNA editing. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are briefly compared.
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Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Lecture 6 (biol3600) transcription m rna processing- winter 2012 pw
This chapter discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences with the help of a sigma factor. Transcription proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, transcription requires chromatin remodeling and the binding of basal transcription factors that help recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter. RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA with the assistance of transcription factors that recognize regulatory promoter elements.
transcription and rna
The document discusses transcription and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic code to make proteins, and transcription is the process of copying this code from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids in the cytoplasm. The key steps are: 1) DNA unzips and mRNA nucleotides pair with the DNA template, 2) mRNA exits the nucleus where ribosomes read its code 3) Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. Mutations can occur during transcription or DNA replication and result in substitutions, deletions or insertions of genetic code.
Transcription of DNA
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription in prokaryotes
This document discusses the central dogma of biology and the process of transcription. It describes the three main steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the RNA polymerase binding to the promoter sequence on DNA and separating the DNA strands to form an open complex. Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to synthesize RNA. Termination can occur via either Rho-independent or Rho-dependent mechanisms, with the former utilizing a terminator sequence and hairpin structure in the RNA and the latter involving the Rho protein.
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
Transcription
This document discusses transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by explaining the central dogma and gene expression. It then defines key terms like gene, transcription, RNA polymerase, template strand, and primary transcript. The document outlines the steps of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the transcription bubble and pre-initiation complex. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and RNA editing. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are briefly compared.
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
DNA Transcription
The document summarizes the process of transcription in cells. It defines transcription as the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. It describes the basic structure of genes and the roles of different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. The transcription process involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region and synthesizing RNA along the DNA template, adding complementary bases. Elongation continues until a terminator sequence is reached, at which point transcription ends and the RNA transcript is released.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applications
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Transcription.translation lecture
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region of DNA. Elongation pairs RNA bases to the DNA template. Termination occurs when transcription reaches the end of the gene.
Translation is the process of making proteins from mRNA. It also involves 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the ribosome and initiator tRNA binding to the start codon. Elongation adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
Biochemistry transcription (RNA biosynsthesis)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
Transcription and Translation
This presentation features the cellular processes of transcription and translation. Grades 6-12. Florida Standards
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Transcription unit and transcription
The document summarizes key aspects of transcription including:
1) Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps.
2) In eukaryotes, transcription produces heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) which undergoes processing including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation to produce mature mRNA for translation.
3) There are three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA which play different roles in protein synthesis. Introns are non-coding sequences that are removed from hnRNA during splicing in the nucleus.
Transcription and translation lecture notes
BIo cells and molecules 1200 course notes on transcription and translation process in Eukaryotes and prokaryotic cells
Bio 108 Cell Biology lec 6 Regulation of Transcription Initiation
1. Gene expression in bacteria is regulated through mechanisms that turn genes on and off in response to environmental signals.
2. The lac operon in E. coli encodes genes involved in lactose metabolism and is regulated by the lac repressor protein.
3. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds to the lac operon's operator region and blocks transcription of the lac genes. However, in the presence of lactose, allolactose binds to the lac repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to proceed.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein. In eukaryotes, gene expression requires several processing steps between transcription and translation including 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation of mRNA. Protein synthesis occurs via three phases - initiation, elongation, and termination on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, translation and post-translation.
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaroytes
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
artificial or synthetic transcription factor for regulation of gene expression
artificial or synthetic transcription factor for regulation of gene expression. mainly three stategy used 1 zinc finger 2 TALEN 3 CRISPER/CAS9
DNA Transcription and RNA Processing
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Expression of genetic material : From Transcription to Translation
This document summarizes key aspects of gene expression from transcription to translation in eukaryotes. It describes the central dogma principle where genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase and various transcription factors. The mRNA produced undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before translation. Translation occurs on ribosomes and involves initiation, elongation and termination factors to produce proteins.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in three main steps: transcription, translation, and termination. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. Translation then uses the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain via tRNAs and ribosomes. Termination occurs when a stop codon signals the release of the completed protein chain. The central dogma of biology is demonstrated as DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is then translated to protein.
Transcription translation
This document summarizes the processes of transcription and translation. It explains that during transcription, RNA polymerase makes an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA then moves to the ribosomes in the rough ER for translation. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA molecules work together to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA's codon sequence. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide chain is released. Mutations can occur during these processes, potentially resulting in non-functional or disease-causing proteins. Examples of different mutation types and their effects are provided.
DNA transcription & Post Transcriptional Modification
DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region near a gene. It then elongates the RNA molecule using the DNA as a template. Transcription ends when the polymerase reaches a termination sequence. The primary RNA transcript often undergoes processing like splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and editing to become a functional mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA molecule. These post-transcriptional modifications are required for gene expression.
Dna translation
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
post transcriptional modifications
This document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes. It discusses how eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing, including capping, splicing to remove introns, and polyadenylation. Splicing requires snRNPs and the spliceosome to recognize splice sites. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. tRNA and rRNA also undergo processing as they mature, including modification of bases and removal of sequences. Final mature mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are then ready for translation.
Protein synthesis
This document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the process of protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic information which is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with multiple codons coding for each amino acid.
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Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
DNA Transcription
The document summarizes the process of transcription in cells. It defines transcription as the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. It describes the basic structure of genes and the roles of different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. The transcription process involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region and synthesizing RNA along the DNA template, adding complementary bases. Elongation continues until a terminator sequence is reached, at which point transcription ends and the RNA transcript is released.
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Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region of DNA. Elongation pairs RNA bases to the DNA template. Termination occurs when transcription reaches the end of the gene.
Translation is the process of making proteins from mRNA. It also involves 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the ribosome and initiator tRNA binding to the start codon. Elongation adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and the protein is released.
Biochemistry transcription (RNA biosynsthesis)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
Transcription and Translation
This presentation features the cellular processes of transcription and translation. Grades 6-12. Florida Standards
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Transcription unit and transcription
The document summarizes key aspects of transcription including:
1) Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps.
2) In eukaryotes, transcription produces heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) which undergoes processing including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation to produce mature mRNA for translation.
3) There are three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA which play different roles in protein synthesis. Introns are non-coding sequences that are removed from hnRNA during splicing in the nucleus.
Transcription and translation lecture notes
BIo cells and molecules 1200 course notes on transcription and translation process in Eukaryotes and prokaryotic cells
Bio 108 Cell Biology lec 6 Regulation of Transcription Initiation
1. Gene expression in bacteria is regulated through mechanisms that turn genes on and off in response to environmental signals.
2. The lac operon in E. coli encodes genes involved in lactose metabolism and is regulated by the lac repressor protein.
3. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds to the lac operon's operator region and blocks transcription of the lac genes. However, in the presence of lactose, allolactose binds to the lac repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to proceed.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein. In eukaryotes, gene expression requires several processing steps between transcription and translation including 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation of mRNA. Protein synthesis occurs via three phases - initiation, elongation, and termination on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, translation and post-translation.
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaroytes
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
artificial or synthetic transcription factor for regulation of gene expression
artificial or synthetic transcription factor for regulation of gene expression. mainly three stategy used 1 zinc finger 2 TALEN 3 CRISPER/CAS9
DNA Transcription and RNA Processing
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Expression of genetic material : From Transcription to Translation
This document summarizes key aspects of gene expression from transcription to translation in eukaryotes. It describes the central dogma principle where genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase and various transcription factors. The mRNA produced undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before translation. Translation occurs on ribosomes and involves initiation, elongation and termination factors to produce proteins.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in three main steps: transcription, translation, and termination. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes an mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. Translation then uses the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain via tRNAs and ribosomes. Termination occurs when a stop codon signals the release of the completed protein chain. The central dogma of biology is demonstrated as DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is then translated to protein.
Transcription translation
This document summarizes the processes of transcription and translation. It explains that during transcription, RNA polymerase makes an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA then moves to the ribosomes in the rough ER for translation. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA molecules work together to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA's codon sequence. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide chain is released. Mutations can occur during these processes, potentially resulting in non-functional or disease-causing proteins. Examples of different mutation types and their effects are provided.
DNA transcription & Post Transcriptional Modification
DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region near a gene. It then elongates the RNA molecule using the DNA as a template. Transcription ends when the polymerase reaches a termination sequence. The primary RNA transcript often undergoes processing like splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and editing to become a functional mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA molecule. These post-transcriptional modifications are required for gene expression.
Dna translation
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
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post transcriptional modifications
This document summarizes post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes. It discusses how eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing, including capping, splicing to remove introns, and polyadenylation. Splicing requires snRNPs and the spliceosome to recognize splice sites. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. tRNA and rRNA also undergo processing as they mature, including modification of bases and removal of sequences. Final mature mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are then ready for translation.
Protein synthesis
This document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the process of protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic information which is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with multiple codons coding for each amino acid.
Lecture 7 (biol3600) genetic code and translation
The document discusses the genetic code, which is the language that allows genetic instructions stored in DNA to be translated into proteins. Some key points:
- The genetic code is found within messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of genetic instructions from DNA to cellular structures called ribosomes.
- Ribosomes read the genetic code by recognizing linear sequences of the mRNA nucleotides adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine grouped into "words" of three nucleotides each.
- Experiments introducing small mutations into genes helped determine that the genetic code is organized into these three-nucleotide words, with each word specifying a single amino acid or start/stop signal.
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
DNA replication
The document discusses DNA replication and the cell cycle. It explains that DNA is copied when a cell prepares to divide, so that each new cell has the same amount of DNA. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Checkpoints ensure DNA is correctly copied and any errors are repaired before the cell divides. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably due to mutations that damage checkpoint controls.
Mutations
1) Mutations are changes to the genetic material of an organism and can be caused by changes to a single nucleotide.
2) Point mutations involve changes to a single nucleotide pair and can lead to abnormal proteins if they change the amino acid coded for.
3) Insertions or deletions of nucleotide pairs can cause frameshift mutations, where the reading frame is altered and a nonfunctional protein is produced.
3. ANTIBIOTIC (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS)
A protein synthesis inhibitor is a substance that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new proteins. All of the antibiotics that target bacterial protein synthesis do so by interacting with the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting its function. The ribosome might not seem like a very good target for selective toxicity, because all cells, including our own, use ribosomes for protein synthesis.The good thing is that bacteria and eukaryotes have ribosomes that are structurally different. Bacteria have so-called 70S ribosomes and eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes. No, not '70s and '80s ribosomes, although that would be pretty entertaining. The S stands for 'Svedberg unit,' and it refers to the rate at which particles sediment down into the tube during high-speed ultracentrifugation. Basically, it tells us about the ribosome's molecular weight and shape.
70S and 80S ribosomes are different enough that antibiotics can specifically target one and not the other. Let's take a closer look at the bacterial 70S ribosome and see where some different kinds of antibiotics act on it. Remember that ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and that they have two subunits, one large and one small.
The bacterial 70S ribosome's subunits are the 50S subunit and the 30S subunit. Yes, I know, 50 + 30 = 80, not 70, but this is not a math mistake. Using the Svedberg unit to measure ribosomes means that things don't always add up perfectly, because rates of sedimentation are not additive like molecular weights are.
Before we get into the specifics of how antibiotics inhibit bacterial ribosomes, let's briefly review how ribosomes work. First, a tRNA loaded with a particular amino acid enters the ribosome at the A site. The tRNA's anticodon has to match the codon, or group of three nucleotides on the mRNA. Then, at the P site of the ribosome, a peptide bond forms between the previous amino acid and the new amino acid. Finally, the empty tRNA exits at the E site. This process repeats for the whole length of the mRNA, and the polypeptide chain continues to grow.
Protein synthesis with turning point
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Central Dogma and Protein Synthesis
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for transmission to daughter cells. In the late 1950s, three models were proposed for how DNA replicates: conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive. Experiments showed that the semi-conservative model is correct, where each parental DNA strand acts as a template to replicate a new partner strand. DNA replication requires DNA and RNA polymerases, helicase, topoisomerases, primase, ligase and other proteins. It occurs through initiation, elongation and termination steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though eukaryotes have multiple replication origins and use RNA primers on the lagging strand.
Mutation, Types and Causes, Chromosomal Variation in Number, Gene Mutation
- Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. There are several types of mutations including substitution, insertion, deletion, and frameshift.
- Mutations can be caused by natural DNA replication errors or external mutagens like radiation, chemicals, and viruses. These mutagens can directly damage DNA or produce reactive molecules that cause mutations.
- Several genetic disorders in humans are caused by chromosomal mutations, such as Down syndrome from trisomy 21, Edward's syndrome from trisomy 18, and Patau syndrome from trisomy 13. Other disorders involve the loss or gain of whole chromosomes or chromosome segments.
Enzymes and proteins in dna replication
Multiple proteins are required for DNA replication, including DNA polymerases, helicases, primase, topoisomerases, ligase and single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Helicases unwind DNA at replication forks using ATP while primase synthesizes RNA primers and DNA polymerases use the primers to replicate DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils to relieve positive supercoiling formed during unwinding while ligase seals nicks between Okazaki fragments to complete replication.
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RNA- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
Genes in Action
- Genes can be structural or regulatory, with regulatory genes controlling the expression of other genes.
- Homeotic genes control embryonic development and malfunctions can result in body parts appearing in abnormal locations.
- Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Regulatory elements and splicing modify gene transcripts.
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This document discusses RNA structure and types. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of RNA, including its role in transcription and as an intermediate molecule in protein synthesis. It then discusses the different forms and structures of RNA, including primary, secondary and tertiary structures. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and others like miRNA and siRNA - are then summarized in terms of their roles and characteristics. Applications of RNA interference are also briefly outlined.
Gene expression & regulation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is observable traits.
- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
Bacterial genetics png 2011
1. Bacterial genetics involves the study of heredity and variation in bacteria. Genes are segments of DNA that code for polypeptides.
2. DNA is the genetic material that is replicated and passed to offspring. RNA is involved in transcription and translation of genes into proteins.
3. Mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation and lysogenic conversion are mechanisms by which bacteria exchange genetic material and acquire new traits. This allows for genetic variation and evolution of bacteria.
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
The document discusses various mechanisms of regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. It explains that regulation can occur at multiple levels, including DNA, transcription, mRNA processing, and protein synthesis. Key points include: (1) Regulation allows adaptation and cellular differentiation; (2) In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated, allowing more complex regulation; (3) Regulation mechanisms include controlling chromatin structure, transcription initiation, mRNA splicing/stability, and protein modifications. Environmental factors like heat and hormones can also induce gene expression changes through transcription factors.
MOLECULAR GENETICS
The document discusses the chemical nature of genes and genetic material. It summarizes that genes must be able to hold genetic information, copy themselves, and provide variation to code for growth and development. Experiments showed that DNA, not protein, was the transforming principle and hereditary material that could change one type of bacteria into another. DNA was then found to direct protein synthesis through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins.
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses protein synthesis which begins with DNA carrying the code for amino acid sequences. During transcription, a copy of the DNA sequence is made into messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chain.
Non coding RNA,s
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. There are several types of ncRNAs including transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNAs. tRNA transfers amino acids to sites of protein synthesis during translation. rRNA forms ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. ncRNAs are involved in many cellular processes like translation, splicing, and gene regulation. Dysregulation of ncRNAs can cause diseases like cancer.
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic 3
Replication,transcription,translation complete the central dogma of life.How mRNA,tRNA,rRNA act on ribosomes for protein synthesis.Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
The document discusses the SCRaMbLE technique, which uses the Cre-loxP system to increase phenotypic and genotypic diversity in organisms. The Cre-loxP system was originally discovered in bacteriophage P1, where it directs site-specific recombination of plasmid DNA into bacterial chromosomes. SCRaMbLE was first tested in yeast in 1987 and allows random chromosomal rearrangements by inducing recombination between loxP sites inserted throughout the genome. This technique can be used to determine which gene combinations confer beneficial traits to yeast.
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The hereditary material of organisms is DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of a specific nucleotide sequence. This DNA is organized into chromosomes that make up an organism's genome. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA, which may undergo processing before being translated into proteins. The proteins then fold and are transported within the cell. Regulation of gene expression controls when and how much of gene products are made to allow cells to adapt. Gene expression can be measured to provide insight into cellular processes.
Gene expression system
This document provides an overview of gene expression and the central dogma of biology. It defines gene expression as the process by which genetic code is used to direct protein synthesis. The two main stages are transcription, where RNA is produced from DNA, and translation, where proteins are produced from mRNA. Key components of genes like exons, introns, promoters and enhancers are described. The details of transcription by RNA polymerase and the steps of translation by ribosomes are explained. The genetic code and how triplets of bases are used to represent the 20 amino acids is covered. The document concludes with an explanation of the central dogma that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
Anatomy of a gene
1. Fred Griffith discovered that a substance present in the virulent S strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could permanently transform the nonlethal R strain into the deadly S strain.
2. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identified this "transforming principle" as DNA, providing the first evidence that DNA serves as the genetic material.
3. Hershey and Chase used radioactively labeled proteins and DNA from T2 viruses to infect E. coli cells. They found that most of the radioactively labeled DNA entered the bacterial cells while most of the labeled proteins remained outside, demonstrating that the genetic material of viruses is DNA rather than protein.
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
The document describes the process of protein synthesis in cells. It discusses how DNA in the nucleus contains the instructions for making proteins. The DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA code is translated by ribosomes into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein. Transfer RNA molecules carry amino acids and join them together according to the mRNA codons. The protein is then finalized and can carry out its functions in the cell. The overall process represents the central dogma of molecular biology whereby genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
7-Transcription of DNA into mRNA and fuerhermore
DNA share its complementary information in the form of mRNA formation that is known as transcription.
Types of RNA
The document discusses the three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries copies of instructions from DNA to the ribosome and acts as a messenger between DNA and protein synthesis. rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein translation and acts as an adapter between mRNA and amino acids.
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Transcription and translation
- 1. Molecular Genetics - From DNA to Trait
- 2. How Are Different Types of Cells Created and Maintained? By differential gene expression. The same genetic information is in all 100 trillion cells of any one person. Different cells use the same blueprint in different ways. How? In essence, the control of gene expression occurs by regulating the flow of information from DNA to protein.
- 3. The “Central Dogma” of Molecular Genetics Transcription Translation DNA RNA Protein Trait RNA processing
- 4. Transcription is a Key Step in Gene Expression Transcription makes an RNA copy of DNA.
- 5. RNA RNA is a nucleic acid polymer that uses a slightly different sugar than DNA and the base uracil (U) in place of thymine (T).
- 6. RNA Is Largely Single-Stranded
- 7. There are Different RNAs with Distinct Functions Recently, a new class of RNA, microRNA, has been shown to regulate gene expression.
- 8. Transcription RNA polymerase acts here The enzyme RNA polymerase opens the DNA strands and synthesizes an RNA complementary to only one of the DNA strands.
- 9. Transcription A gene The decision to transcribe a gene is the most important step in the control of gene expression. Transcription starts and stops at distinct sites at the ends of a gene. Animation
- 10. Eukaryotic Genes are Segmented Genes are made of parts represented in the mRNA (exons) and parts that are transcribed but not present in the mRNA (introns). Introns are removed from the primary transcript and exons are spliced together to make mRNA. In some genes more than 90% of the pre-mRNA is destroyed, never to appear in the mRNA. Animation
- 11. Alternative Splicing – More Bang for the Buck This has the consequence that the count of our genes (~20,000) seriously underestimates the count of our different proteins.
- 12. The Genetic Language Uses 4 Letters Written Into 3-Letter Words
- 13. Amino Acids – What the Genetic Code Specifies Two examples There are 20 different amino acids
- 14. What Translation Accomplishes The sequence of amino acids determines the structure, and therefore the function, of a protein. In translation, information present in the mRNA is read by the ribosome to synthesize a polypeptide.
- 15. Translation Is Complicated Many antibiotics block steps in translation within bacterial cells. Translation requires: ribosomes mRNA tRNA amino acids
- 16. tRNA Is An Adpator That Couples Codons and Amino Acids
- 17. The Genetic Code is Biology’s Rosetta Stone These are the words of the genetic language.
- 18. Ribosomes are Complicated Protein Synthesizing Machines
- 19. Translation Is a Cyclic, Multistep Process Translation Animation
- 20. Basic Genetic Mechanisms are Universal The storage of genetic information in DNA, the use of an RNA intermediate that is read in three letter words, and the mechanism of protein synthesis are essentially the same in all organisms. A tobacco plant expressing the firefly luciferase Among other things, this means cancer can be gene. studied productively in flies or yeast. It also means that human genes can be expressed in a plant or mouse genes in a yeast.
Editor's Notes
- 07/23/12
- 07/23/12