3. It is a procedure where
an opening is made in the anterior wall of
the trachea
And a channel is constructed between the
trachea and skin surface of neck by inserting
a tracheostomy tube
14. Functions of Tracheostomy
Relieves upper airway obstruction
Decreases dead space
Facilitates cleaning of Tracheobronchial
tree
Protects against aspiration
Reduces resistance of airflow
Increases total compliance and alveolar
ventilation
Helps in Intermittent positive pressure
ventilation
Helps in induction of anaesthesia
15. Types of Tracheostomy
According to Purpose
Temporary
Permanent
According to timing of surgery
Elective
Emergency
According to site of Stoma
High (1st ring)
Mid (2-4th rings)
Low (below 4th ring)
18. Position
Supine
Pillow under the shoulders to allow
maximum extension of neck
Head and neck must be held in midline
○ Symphysis menti and suprasternal notch must
be in one line
19. Incision
5 cm long
Two finger breath above the sternal notch
30. 1% xylocaine is infiltrated into trachea to
prevent excessive irritation and cough
This also ensures that the needle is
inside the trachea and we will be able to
aspirate air
32. An inferiorly based flap of tracheal ring
cartilage is made and sutured to the stomal
skin
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Metallic tube is preferred atleast for
initial 4-5 days till a permanent tract has
been formed
Cuffed Portex tracheostomy tube can be
used
Prevents aspiration of blood
Used for post operative ventilation
*Cuff should be deflated periodically
42. Tracheostomy in Infants and
Children
Trachea is soft and compressible
Difficult identification
Can easily be displaced laterally
Risk of injury to nearby structures
44. Rose position Mediastinal structures
like apical pleura protrude into the neck
Injury Pneumothorax
45. Tracheotomy itself is suffice
Suture placed on either side of the
incision on the trachea
Tracheal lumen is narrow
Deep incision
Tracheo – esophageal fistula
46. Selection of Tracheostomy tube
Large tube – Necrosis of tracheal rings
Long tube – Impinges upon carina or
enter right bronchus
Post of X ray
Position of tube
Rule out pneumothorax
47. Post op Management
Cleaning and changing of inner tube
Tracheobronchial toilet
Humidification and prevention of crust
formation
Nursing care to avoid infection
Nasogastric feeding maybe needed
initially
Physiotherapy
50. Immediate Complications
Primary hemorrhage
Injury to blood vessels, jugular veins,
carotid artery
Injury to RLN
Pneumothorax / Pneumomediastinum
Apnea due to sudden release of CO2
Damage to cricoid and trachea
Cardiac arrest
Collapse of lung
51. Intermediate Complications
False passage – Displacement of tube
Crusting and Blocking of Inner tube
Atelectasis and lung abscess
Surgical emphysema
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Dysphagia
Secondary infection
52. Late complications
Hemorrhage
Laryngo-tracheal stenosis
Tracheo – cutaneous fistula
Difficult decannulation
Corrosion of tracheostomy tube
Keloid formation over scar
53. Reference
A Short Practice of Otorhinolaryngology
by Prof.K.K. Ramalingam
Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat by PL
Dhingra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77Wi
5Z3FOGk (Mayo Clinic)