Token economy
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Token economy is a system that uses tokens to positively reinforce desired behaviors. Individuals earn tokens for good behaviors and can exchange them later for rewards. Tokens act as immediate reinforcement and can include stickers, stars, or fake money. While token economies are flexible and can motivate multiple behaviors, they also require significant preparation, tracking, and structure to implement effectively. The basic components are selecting target behaviors, presenting rules, using tokens as reinforcement, establishing an exchange system, and gradually shifting to a variable reinforcement schedule.
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Token economies
This document discusses token economies, which use conditioned reinforcers or "tokens" that can be saved and later exchanged for backup reinforcers. Token economies bridge the gap between a behavior and its reinforcement by allowing tokens to be earned immediately but redeemed later. Steps in developing a token economy include choosing target behaviors, baseline data collection, selecting a variety of backup reinforcers, choosing tokens that are not easily counterfeited, record keeping, and programming for generalization beyond the token system. Token economies can be used to modify behavior in various settings like hospitals, institutions, and work environments.
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A token economy involves distributing tokens that can be earned for desirable behaviors and exchanged later for rewards. Research shows token economies effectively reduce undesirable classroom behaviors. The token cycle has four steps: identifying issues, rewarding good behavior with tokens, establishing a plan, and implementing it consistently. Studies demonstrate token economies increase academic achievement more than social rewards alone and can decrease disruptive behaviors in students with conditions like bipolar disorder when combined with self-monitoring. Thorough preparation and execution is key to a successful individualized token economy system.
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This document discusses token economies, which use conditioned reinforcers or "tokens" that can be saved and later exchanged for backup reinforcers. Token economies bridge the gap between a behavior and its reinforcement by allowing tokens to be earned immediately but redeemed later. Steps in developing a token economy include choosing target behaviors, baseline data collection, selecting a variety of backup reinforcers, choosing tokens that are not easily counterfeited, record keeping, and programming for generalization beyond the token system. Token economies can be used to modify behavior in various settings like hospitals, institutions, and work environments.
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Token economy
- 1. TOKEN ECONOMY SANNET THOMAS ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY NUCLEUS ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE , PATTAMBI CONSULTANT PSYCHOLOGIST, ST. RITA’S HOSPITAL , CHERTHALA
- 2. Contents Define Token Economy Advantages Disadvantages 11 Basic Rules Steps
- 3. What is Token Economy ? It is the system of exchange in which the individual earns tokens as, reinforces and exchanges them for tangible and social reinforces. Token program involves distribution of tokens Tokens can be stickers, stars, smiley, face, fake money etc. Tokens can be accumulated throughout the day and exchanged at a later time
- 4. Advantages of Token Economy Tokens are flexible Tokens can be used for several needs There is no delay giving tokens after the desired behaviour has been shown It does not matter who gives the tokens It can be consistently applied by multiple teachers/dotors/supervisor in multiple settings Prevent boredom
- 5. Disadvantages Takes a lot of preparation and tracking of the behaviour, tokens, and rewards Not everyone will respond to token system Once the system is implemented in one setup, it may not followed through Parental/guardian follow through does not always occur Can lead to dependency Maybe easily abused Can be expensive Require organization and structure
- 6. 11 Basic Rules 1. Select the target behaviour 2. Present the target behaviour 3. Post the rules and review it frequently 4. Select a token 5. Establish reinforcers which the tokens can be exchanged 6. Develop a reward menu 7. Implement token economy 8. Provide immediate reinforcement for acceptable behaviour 9. Gradually change from continuous to variable schedule of reinforcers 10. Provide time for client to exchange tokens 11. Revise the reward menu frequently
- 7. Steps/Components Child has no tokens and no access to desired items & activities Child exhibits the desired behaviours Child is provide tokens for engaging in the desired behaviours Child exchanges the tokens for access to desirable items or activities
- 8. Reference Schultz D & Schultz E (2003) Theories of personality, (10th ed) Wadsworth cenage learning,USA