Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders. This type of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self destructive or unhealthy behaviors.
Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy which is based on theories of learning and aims at changing maladaptive behavior and substituting it with adaptive behavior.
Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy which is based on theories of learning and aims at changing maladaptive behavior and substituting it with adaptive behavior.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
This slide contains information regarding Community Mental Health Nursing. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
This slide contains information regarding Community Mental Health Nursing. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
Behavior therapy is a treatment approach originally derived from learning theory, which seeks to solve problems and relieve symptoms by changing behavior and the environmental contingencies which control behavior.
It is a form of treatment for problem in which a trained person deliberately establishes a professional relationship with the patient, with the objective of removing or modifying existing symptoms and promoting positive personality, growth and development.
In this content consists of 'Learning Theories', presented by Dr. S.S. Srinithi as an Invited Resource Person in the webinar hosted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
What is behavioral psychology? How to use itsneharathod39
Behavioral psychology also referred to as behaviorism in some quarters, attempts to establish links between human behavior and the external world. It is based on the assumption that all human behavior is a direct consequence of external stimuli. In other words, the discipline holds that there can be no behavior without external stimuli. Indeed, advocates of this approach prefer "behavior" to the more purposeful "action." Understandably, this view has come under some criticism, mainly because it seems to suggest that human behavior is a mere reaction.
Behaviorism, moreover, is rigidly scientific and mainly aims to predict humans.
behavior, given a situation. The approach is also widely employed to study, document, and predict the behaviors of nonhuman animals as well. Advocates argue that the best way to predict human behavior is by modifying and conditioning it. Therefore, it is not surprising that behaviorist principles have been widely applied in the corporate sector to boost productivity or reduce workplace stress: disciplines such as Management and Industrial Psychology draw heavily from behaviorism. Notably, behaviorism has also been widely applied in classrooms to condition student behavior.
What is behavioral psychology? How to use itShivaniPadole
Behavioural psychology also referred to as behaviourism in some quarters, attempts to establish links between human behaviour and the external world. It is based on the assumption that all human behaviour is a direct consequence of external stimuli. In other words, the discipline holds that there can be no behaviour without external stimuli.
In-service education is a part of staff development. In-service education is a type of education that is provided to the employees while they are on the job so as to improve their work performance and efficiency.
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG)Monika Kanwar
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) were developed in 2006 by Joint Commission International (JCI). It helps accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in some of the most problematic areas of patient safety.
ICD-11 is the eleventh version of the International classification of disease (ICD). It replaces the ICD-10 as the global standard for recording health information and to know the cause of death. ICD is developed and annually updated by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Sampling means selecting the group that researcher will actually collect data from in research. It attempts to collect samples that are representative of the population.
In India, the Mental Health Care Act 2017 was passed on 7 April 2017 and came into force from 29 May, 2018. An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the treatment and care of mentally ill persons, to make better provision with respect to their property and affairs and for maters connected therewith or incidental thereto
Psychotherapy or talk therapy is a way to help people with a broad variety of mental illness and emotional difficulties by talking with a mental health professional.
Organic mental disorders are disturbances that may be caused by injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities.
Beliefs about mental illness have been characterized by superstition, ignorance and fear. Although time and advances in scientific understanding of mental illness have dispelled many false ideas, there remain a number of popular misconceptions.
National Mental Health Programme was launched in 1982 keeping in view the heavy burden of mental illness in the community, and the absolute inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the country to deal with it.
Personality disorder are a group of mental health conditions that are characterized by inflexible and atypical patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Defense mechanisms are the behaviors people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. These are unconscious strategies whereby people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings
Electroconvulsive Therapy is still being used. It is a procedure usually done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.
Budgeting is a process of looking at a business estimated incomes and expenditures over a specific period in the future. It allows a business to see if they will be able to continue operating at their expected level with these projected incomes and expenditures
Historical perspectives and trends of mental health nursingMonika Kanwar
Mental Health Nursing, also called psychiatric nursing, is among the newest of the recognized fields within the nursing profession. Mental Health Nursing focuses on those patients who have mental distresses. Psychiatric nursing is a speciality that has changed throughout history and has drastically changed through time.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. INTRODUCTION
A behavior is considered to be maladaptive when it is age
inappropriate, when it interferes with adaptive functioning,
or when others misunderstand it in terms of cultural
inappropriateness.
The basic assumptions is that problematic behaviors occur
when there has been in adequate learning and therefore can
be corrected through the provision of appropriate learning
experiences.
4. CONTD….
The principles of behavior therapy as we know it today
are based on the early studies of Classical Conditioning
by Pavlov (1927) and Operant Conditioning by Skinner
(1938).
Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of
therapy that treat mental health disorders. Behavioral
therapy can vary substantially from disorder to disorder.
This form of therapy seeks to identify and help change
potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors. It is
also called as behavior modification.
5. CONTD….
Behavioral therapies for children and adolescents vary
widely, but they all focus primarily on how some
problematic thoughts or negative behaviors may
unknowingly or unintentionally get “rewarded” within a
young person’s environment.
6.
7. DEFINITION
THERAPY: Therapy (Psychotherapy) is the process of working with
licensed therapist to develop positive thinking and coping skills and
treat mental health issues such as mental illness and trauma.
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY: It is a form of Psychotherapy, the goal
of which is to modify maladaptive behavior patterns by reinforcing
more adaptive behavior.
OR
Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy which is based on theories
of learning, and aims at modifying maladaptive behavior and
substituting it with adaptive behavior.
8. CONTD….
Behavior therapy is a form of treatment that tries to change
someone’s behaviour rather than treat the cause of it.
OR
Behavior therapy is the attempt to alter human behavior and
emotions in a beneficial way according to the laws of modern
learning theory.
ACCORDING TO EYSENCK’S
9.
10. PRINCIPLES OF
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
The principles of behavioral Therapy are based on the early
studies of classical conditioning and Operant conditioning.
PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIORAL
THERAPY
1. CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
2. OPERANT
CONDITIONING
11. CONTD…..
1. THEORY OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
Classical conditioning is a process of learning and was introduced
by the Russian Psychologist Pavlov.
It is a term used to describe learning which has been acquired
through experience.
Theory of Classical Conditioning involves learning by association
and is usually the cause of most phobias.
During his experiments, Pavlov hoped to leran more about the
digestive process, he inadvertently discovered that organisms can
learn to respond in specific ways if they are conditioned to do so.
It refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent
stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus.
13. CONTD….
2. OPERANT CONDITIONING:
The focus of operant conditioning differs from that of
classical conditioning.
It was introduced by Skinner. It involves learning by
reinforcement
It is based on the idea that an individual will choose his
behavior based on past experience of consequences of that
behavior.
19. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS OF
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
All behavior is learned (adaptive and maladaptive).
Human beings are passive organisms that can be conditioned
or shaped to do anything if correct responses are rewarded or
reinforced.
Maladaptive behavior can be unlearned and replaced by
adaptive behavior if the person receives exposure to specific
stimuli and reinforcement for the desired adaptive behavior.
20. CONTD….
Behavioral assessment is focused more on current behavior rather
than on historical antecedents.
Treatment strategies are individually tailored.
Behavior therapy is a short duration therapy, therapists are easy to
train and is cost-effective. The total duration of therapy is
usually 6-8 weeks. Initial sessions are given daily, but the later
sessions are spaced out.
21.
22. CONTD….
1. SHAPING: In shaping the components of a particular skill, the
behavior is reinforced step by step. The therapist starts shaping
by reinforcing, the existing behavior.
Once it is established, therapist reinforces the responses which are
closest to the desired behavior and ignores the other responses.
Instead of rewarding only the desired behavior, therapist reward
successive approximations of desired behavior.
e.g. In eliciting speech from autistic child, the teacher may first
reward the child for:
(a) watching the teacher’s lips, then for
(b) making any sound in imitation of the teacher, then for
(c) Forming sounds similar to the word uttered by the teacher.
23. CONTD….
2. MODELING: Modeling refers to the learning of new
behaviors by imitating the behaviors in others.
Modeling is a method of teaching by demonstration, wherein
therapist shows how a specific behavior is to be performed.
Modeling occurs in various ways:
• Children imitate the behaviors of their parents, teachers and
friends.
• In practice setting, client may imitate the behaviors of
practitioners who are charged with their care.
24. CONTD….
3. PREMACK PRINCIPLE: The Premack principle is a
principle of reinforcement which states that an opportunity to
engage in more probable behaviors (or activities) will
reinforce less probable behaviors (or activities).
e.g. If a child enjoys playing computer games (more probable)
and avoids completing math problems (less probable), we
might follow child to play the computer after (contingent upon)
completing maths problem.
25. CONTD….
4. EXTINCTION/IGNORING: It is gradual decrease in
frequency or disappearance of response when the positive
reinforcement is withheld.
e.g. Temper tantrum Child
The tantrum behaviors continue as long as the parent gives
attention to them but decrease and often disappear when the
parent simply leaves the child alone in the room.
26. CONTD….
5. CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING: It is a type of
intervention that is used to increase desirable behaviors or
decrease undesirable ones.
A contingency contract may be entered into by a teacher and
student, a parent and child, or a therapist and client
e.g. A parent and child enter into a contingency contract to get
the child finish his homework before dinner time, after which
he earns some TV time. Every time he satisfactorily finishes his
homework before dinner time, he gets to watch an hour of TV
after dinner. If he fails to finish his homework satisfactorily,
then instead of enjoying some TV time, he has to use that time
to finish his homework.
27. CONTD….
6. TOKEN ECONOMY: It is a form of behavior modification
designed to increase desirable behavior and decrease
undesirable behavior with the use of tokens. Individuals
receive tokens immediately after displaying desirable
behavior.
28. CONTD….
7. TIME OUT: Time out is a popular technique based on
principle of negative reinforcement.
Timeout method includes removing the patient from the
reward or the reward from the patient for a particular period
of time following a problem behavior.
This is often used in the treatment of childhood disorders.
29. CONTD….
8. RECIPROCAL INHIBITION: Also called as
counterconditioning, reciprocal inhibition decreases or
eliminates a behavior by introducing a more adaptive
behavior, but one that is incompatible with the
unacceptable behavior
30. CONTD….
e.g. Introduction of relaxation exercises to an
individual who is phobic. Relaxation is practiced in the
presence of anxiety so that in the time the individual is
able to manage the anxiety in the presence of phobic
stimulus by engaging in relaxation exercises.
Relaxation and anxiety are incompatible behaviors
31. CONTD….
9. OVERT SENSITIZATION/AVERSION THERAPY: It
is a type of aversion therapy that produces unpleasant
consequences for undesirable behavior.
Thought stopping techniques are used to abolish
obsessional thoughts.
e.g. Disulfram (Antabuse) is a drug that is given to
individuals who wish to stop drinking alcohol. If an
individual consumes alcohol while on antabuse therapy,
symptoms of nausea & vomiting, dyspnea, palpitation and
headache will occur
32. CONTD….
10. COVERT SENSITIZATION: It relies on the individual’s
imagination, rather than on medication, to produce
unpleasant symptoms. The technique is under client’s
control and can be used whenever and wherever is required.
It is form of behavior therapy in which an undesirable
behavior is paired with an unpleasant image in order to
eliminate that behavior.
33. CONTD….
11. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION: It is also known
as “Graduated exposure therapy”. It is a technique for
assisting individuals to overcome their fear of phobic
stimulus.
It was developed by Joseph Wolpe. This therapy aims to
remove the fear response of phobia.
In this patients attain a state of complete relaxation and are
then often exposed to stimulus that elicits the anxiety
response.
34. CONTD….
The process of systematic desensitization occurs in three
steps:
RELAXATION TRAINING: There are many methods
which can be used to induce relaxation. Some of them are
Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation, Hypnosis,
Meditation or Yoga, Mental Imagery and Biofeedback
HIERARCHY CONSTRUCTION: Here the patient is
asked to list all the conditions which provoke anxiety. Then
he is asked to list them in a descending order of anxiety
provocation.
35. CONTD….
DESENSITIZATION OF THE STIMULUS: This can
either be done in reality or through imagination. At first, the
lowest item in hierarchy is confronted. The patient is
advised to signal whenever anxiety is produced. With each
signal he is asked to relax. After a few trials individual is
able to control anxiety gradually.
36. CONTD….
12. FLOODING: Also known as Exposure ands Implosion
therapy. The patient is directly exposed to the phobic
stimulus, but escape is made impossible. Prolonged contact
with the phobic stimulus, the therapist’s guidance and
encouragement and his modeling behavior reduce anxiety.
37. CONTD….
Flooding is believed to produce results faster than systematic
desensitization; however, some therapists report more lasting
behavioral changes with systematic desensitization.
38. CONTD….
13. CHAINING: Chaining is used when a person fails to
perform a task. The complex task is broken into a number
of small steps and each step is taught to the patient.
In forward Chaining, one starts with the first step, goes on to
the second step, then to third and so on.
In backward Chaining, One starts with the last step and goes
on to the next step in a backward fashion. Backward
chaining is found to be more effective in training the
mentally disableled.
39. CONTD….
14. RESTITUTION (OVERCORRECTION): Restitution
means restoring the disturbed situation to a state that is
much better than what it was before the occurrence of the
problem behavior.
E.g.: If a patient passes urine in the ward he would be
required to not only clean the dirty area but also mop the
entire/larger area of the floor in the ward.
40. CONTD….
15. BEHAVIORAL HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS: The
therapist often requests that the patient complete homework
assignment between therapy sessions. These may consists of
real life behavioral experiments where patients after
encouraged to try new responses to situations discussed in
therapy sessions.