Separation anxiety disorder involves excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or attachment figures. It is characterized by distress when anticipating or experiencing separation, persistent worry about harm befalling attachment figures, and reluctance or refusal to go places alone. It is diagnosed when fears or avoidance last at least 4 weeks in children or typically 6 months in adults and cause impairment. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy and may include medication, parenting techniques, or family therapy. Prognosis is generally good with treatment, though co-occurring conditions or actual threats of separation decrease likelihood of positive outcomes.
Historical background
Definition
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusion
Separation Anxiety Disorder(SAD) is a psychological condition in which an individual has an excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or with whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
Historical background
Definition
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusion
Separation Anxiety Disorder(SAD) is a psychological condition in which an individual has an excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or with whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Definition
Subtype of specific phobia
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Definition
Subtype of specific phobia
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Children are at high risk of emotional disorders. These have become the most common reasons for their visits to the psychiatrist.
They include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma and stress-related disorders.
This slide explains each of these in details.
Enjoy
anxiety disorder , a common mental health problemArchanaPokharel2
A prevalent mental health concern worldwide is anxiety disorder. These are the signs of anxiety disorder, along with a treatment strategy and helpful hints.
Anxiety, defined as dread or apprehension, is not considered pathologic, is seen across the life span, and can be adaptive (e.g. the anxiety one might feel during an automobile crash).
Anxiety becomes disabling.
Interfering with social interactions, development.
Achievement of goals or quality of life.
Can lead to slow self esteem, social withdrawal.
Academic underachievement.
The average age of onset of anxiety disorder is 11 years.
This is the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood.
Occurs in 5-18% of all children and adolescents.
Prevalence rate is comparable to physical disorders such as asthma and diabetes.
One of the most common childhood anxiety disorder.
Prevalence- 3.5-5.4%
Girls ˃ boys
Common in prepubertal children. Average age of onset 7.5 yrs.
It is developmentally normal when it begins about 10 month of age and tapers off by 18 month.
By 3 years of age, most children can accept the temporary absence of their mother or primary caregiver.
SAD is characterised by unrealistic and persistent worries about separation from home or a major attachment figure.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. Definitions
• Fear is the emotional and physiological response to real
or perceived imminent threat.
• Anxiety is a mood state characterized by strong negative
emotion and bodily symptoms of tension in anticipation of
future danger or misfortune
• Panic group of physical symptoms of fight/flight response
that unexpectedly occur in the absence of obvious danger
or threat
• Panic attacks feature prominently within the anxiety
disorders as a particular type of fear response
• Phobia is a kind of anxiety that is also defined in DMS-IV-
TR as a “persistent or irrational fear.”
4. • The neurotic paradox is a self-defeating behavior pattern:
despite knowing there is little to be afraid of, a child is
terrified and does everything possible to escape/avoid the
situation
• Fight/flight response: immediate reaction to perceived
danger or threat aimed at escaping potential harm
5. Introduction
• Anxiety disorder is blanket term covering several
different forms of abnormal, pathological anxiety, fears,
phobias and nervous conditions that are described as an
irrational or illogical worry that is not based on fact
• The term anxiety disorder can cover a range of severities
from general social anxieties to panic disorders
• The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types
of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or
avoidance behavior, and the associated cognitive
ideation.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a psychological
condition in which an individual has excessive anxiety
regarding separation from home or from people to whom
the individual has a strong emotional attachment
7. • Present in all age groups
• Adult separation anxiety is now believed to be even more
common than childhood separation anxiety
8. • Separation anxiety symptom
• School refusal behaviors
• Sleep disturbance
• Nightmares
• Refusal to go to sleep
• Refusal for a sleep over
• Studies show that children suffering from separation
anxiety are much more likely to have ADHD, Bipolar
disorder, Panic disorder, and others later in life.
9. Etiology
• It is normal from about age 7 months through preschool
years
• Separation anxiety often develops after a significant
stress or trauma in the child’s life, such as:
• stay in the hospital
• the death of a loved one
• change in the environment
10. • SAD in children may be heritable
• There are cultural variations in the degree to which it is
considered desirable to tolerate separation
• SAD decreases in prevalence from childhood through
adolescence and adulthood and is the most prevalent
anxiety disorder in children younger than 12 years.
11. Diagnostic Criteria DSM V
• A. Developmentally inappropriate and
excessive fear or anxiety concerning
separation from those to whom the
individual is attached, as evidenced by
at least three of the following:
• 1. Recurrent excessive distress when
anticipating or experiencing separation
from home or from major attachment
figures.
• 2. Persistent and excessive worry about
losing major attachment figures or about
possible harm to them, such as illness,
injury, disasters, or death.
• 3. Persistent and excessive worry about
experiencing an untoward event (e.g.,
getting lost, being kidnapped, having an
accident, becoming ill) that causes
separation from a major attachment figure.
• 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go
out, away from home, to school, to
work, or elsewhere because of fear of
separation.
• 5. Persistent and excessive fear of or
reluctance about being alone or without
major attachment figures at home or in
other settings.
• 6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to
sleep away from home or to go to sleep
without being near a major attachment
figure.
• 7. Repeated nightmares involving the
theme of separation.
• 8. Repeated complaints of physical
symptoms (e.g., headaches,
stomachaches, nausea, vomiting) when
separation from major attachment
figures occurs or is anticipated.
12. • B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at
least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6
months or more in adults
• C. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.
• The disturbance must last for a period of at least 4 weeks in
children and adolescents younger than 18 years and is typically 6
months or longer in adults (Criterion B).
13. • D. The disturbance is not better explained by another
mental disorder, such as
• refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change
in autism spectrum disorder;
• delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic
disorders;
• refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia;
• worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in
generalized anxiety disorder;
• or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.
14. Management
• Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy is the primary type of
treatment used for SAD
• For older children who have not outgrown separation anxiety
within the normal developmental timetable or who have
regressed to it under stress
• Effective treatments may include:
• Anti-anxiety medications
• Changes in parenting techniques
• Counseling for the parents and child
• Treatments for severe cases may include:
• Family education
• Family therapy
• Individual psychotherapy
15. Prognosis
• Over 60% of children participating with their parents in
CBT are successful in managing their symptoms with out
medication.
• SAD has a poorer prognosis in environment where threat
of physical harm or separation actually exist.
• Existence of other conditions, such as autism, decrease
the like hood of a positive prognosis.
• SAD in children may be associated with an increased risk
for suicide
Fear more often associated with surges of autonomic
arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape
Behaviors
Anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation
for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors