psychotherapy

2. SEMINAR
ON
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOTHERAPY
 Submitted to:
Mr. Ratheesh kumar
Asst.prof.(psychiatry)
LJM college of nursing
Submitted by :
Santa Srujanika
Priyadarshinee
M.Sc 1st year

3. INTRODUCTION:
 In 1853, Walter Cooper Dendy introduced
the term “psychotherapeia” regarding how
physician might influence the mental states
of sufferers and thus their bodily ailments.

4. CONT....
 In the late 1800s, Sigmund Freud (now
known as the father of psychotherapy)
developed psychoanalysis, an early form of
psychotherapy.

5. CONT....
 The term psychotherapy is derived from
ancient Greek word psyche (meaning –
breath ,spirit, soul) and therapeia (healing,
medical treatment).
 The oxford English dictionary defines it
now as “the treatment of disorders of the
mind or personality by psychological
methods.”

6. DEFINITIONOF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 Psychotherapy defined as , “the informed and
planful application of techniques derived from
established psychological principles by
pesons qualified through training and
experience to understand these principles
and to apply these techniques with the intention of
assisting individuals to modify such personal
characteristics as feelings, values, attitudes, and
behaviours which are judged by the therapist to be
maladaptive.”
- [meltzoff and kornreich,1970]

7. CONT....
 Psychotherapy as “ the treatment by
psychological means, of problem with emotional
nature, in which a trained person (therapist)
deliberately establishes a professional relationship
with the patient to remove, modify or retard existing
symptoms, mediate disturbed patterns of
behaviour , and promote positive personality
development.”
[Wolberg]

8. COMMON FEATURES:
1. Common goals
2. Common factors
3. Shared functions of
psychotherapeutic rationales or

9. GOALS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 To achieve remission of symptoms
 To mediate disturbed pattern of behaviours
 To strengthen the ego
 To improve growth and development of client
 To protect self esteem of client
 To produce deeper insight
 To modify deviated personality
 To develop positive attitude
 To correct psychopathology

10. STAGES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 Psychotherapy can be defined as , “a purposeful
and willing relationship between at least two
people, one who is supposed to know what he is
doing, and other who wants help to change his life
for the better .
 The psychotherapeutic relationship is considered to
proceed in 4 main stages:
1. Early stage
2. Middle stage
3. Late stage
4. Termination phase

11. TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
1. Ventilation
2. Abreaction
3. Reassurance
4. Explanation
5. Suggestion
6. Persuasion
7. Reinforcement
8. Recreation
9. Relaxation

12. TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 Psychotherapies are classified into 3 types-
 According to depth of probing in the
unconscious mind
1. Superficial or short term
2. Deep or long term
3. Educative
 According to number of patients
1. Individual psychotherapy
2. Group psychotherapy
3. family psychotherapy

13. CONT....
 According to purpose
1. Supportive psychotherapy
2. Re-educative psychotherapy
3. Reconstructing psychotherapy

14. INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 Neurotic illness
 Psychosomatic illness
 Schizophrenia
 Depression
 Mania
 Psychotic states
 Alcoholism
 Drug addiction
 Sexual deviation
 Personality disorder
 Marital disharmony

15. CONTRAINDICATION:
 Severe psychotic illness
 Excitement
 Assaultive and destructive
behaviour
 Negativism

16. LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 It is not possible to administer for uncooperative
patient.
 Difficult in cases of clients with low intellectual
capacities, as to develop insight into the situation
adequate intellectual capacities are essential.

17. REQUIREMENTS OF A PSYCHOTHERAPIST-
• Therapist possess post graduate qualification and training in
psychiatry.
• Medical graduates, medico social worker, clinical psychologists
with orientation and experience in psychotherapy can give
superficial psychotherapy under guidance of psychiatrist.
• The psychiatry team members are reasonably free from
psychological conflicts and possess empathy healthy , personality,
art of listening power, capable of understanding life situations and
problems.
• Psychiatrist will be able to inspire confidence of the client.

18. ADVERSE EFFECTS:
 Patient may become excessively dependent on
therapy or therapist.
 Ineffective psychotherapy wastes time and
money and damages patient role.

19. Definition:
Individual psychotherapy
some times called as
counselling is a process
through which clients work
one-on-one with a trained
therapist ,in a safe, caring ,
and confidential environment,
to explore their feelings,
beliefs and behaviours ,work
through challenging or
influential memories , identify
aspects of their lives that they
would like to change , set
personal goals, and work
toward desired change.
Individual psychotherapy

20. AIMS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY:
The therapist has to make the client to
understand his/her feeling
To modify maladaptive behaviour
To improve IPR and establishing
therapeutic relationship
To make personal changes
Provide consistent emotional support
Assisting the client in gaining insight
about the problem.

21. MODES OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY:
1. Brief cognitive therapy:
2. Behaviour therapy
3. Brief interpersonal psychotherapy
4. Split – treatment psychotherapy

22. 1.BRIEF COGNITIVE THERAPY:
• This therapy uses a time – limited, goal -
oriented, problem solving approach.
• Candidates for this mode of therapy are
described as educated, verbal and
psychologically minded.

23. 2. BEHAVIOUR THERAPY:
• This therapy focus on modifying overt
symptoms without regard to the client’s private
experience or inner conflicts.
• The role of the therapist include limit setting,
promoting adaptive behaviours, discourage the
use of maladaptive behaviours, promoting
assertiveness and assisting the client in
exploring new ways of adjusting to the
environment.

24. 3. BRIEF INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
• It is a semi-structured, time limited model of
psychotherapy.
• The therapist reinforces the client’s self
esteem, employs a conversational, goal
focused approach, supports the positive use
of defence mechanisms or coping skills, and
avoid the use of transference and counter
transference.

25. Cont...
Four problem areas commonly associated with
depression and anxiety respond to BPIT.
 Grief
 Loss
 Internal conflict
 Isolation

26. 4. SPLIT-TREATMENT PSYCHOTHERAPY:
• It is referred to as dual treatment,triangulated
treatment.
• It involves a protocol between nurse-
therapist and a psychiatrist.
• Client with the diagnosis of a mood disorder,
psychotic disorder, MR are often seen in split
treatment psychotherapy.

27. TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY:
1. Counselling
2. psychoanalytical

28. COUNSELLING:
 The term is used in a specific sense to refer to
methods developed by Carl Rogers.
 The term counselling also applies less
specifically to the other kind of brief therapy
with limited objectives, in which the therapist
takes a more active role.

29. PSYCHOANALYTICAL THERAPY
 Psychoanalytical is the most time consuming
form of psychotherapy.
 Its practitioners receive lengthy training which
involves personal analysis as well as
supervised experience in treating patients.

30. TECHNIQUES OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 When the client comes first time for OPD,
 Observe the client
 Provides conducive environment with
comfortable sitting
 Assess the physical status
 Establish psychotherapeutic relationship
 Gain confidence of client
 Explain the theoretical information
 Encourage client to express the feelings

31. CONT...
 Therapist plays an active listener
 Give valuable situation
 Modify the therapeutic procedures and ways
of handling the problems
 Frequency of therapeutic sessions are
decided upon client needs

32. INDICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 Stress related disorder
 Alcohol and drug dependence
 Sexual and marital disorder

33. BENEFITS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY:
 Develop a new perspectives and life skills
 Help to deal with addictive behaviours
 Help to learn to take responsibility
 Improve the quality relationships
 Reduce stess
 Learn new behaviours
 Feel better and understand own thoughts
feeling

34. DISADVANTAGES:
 Leakage of privacy
 Lead to more negative impact
 Takes long time to cure
 Initial hitch

35. APPROACHES:
A. Psychodynamic therapy
B. Humanistic therapy
C. Behaviour therapy
D. Cognitive therapy

37. DEFINITION:
 Group therapy is a form of treatment in which
carefully selected emotionally ill persons are
placed into group, guides by a trained therapist
for the purpose of changing the mal adaptive
behaviour of individual member.

38. CONT...
 Group therapy the meeting is with whole
group and one or two therapists.

39.  Selection of client:
Homogenous groups , adolescents and patient
with personality disorder, families and couples
where the system needs change.
 Group size:
Optimal size for group therapy is 8-10
members.
 Duration and frequency of group session:
Once in a week for 45 min to 1 hour.

40. TYPES OF GROUP THERAPY:
 According to size of group:
1. Small group (3peoples)
2. Large group (10 – 15 peoples)
 According to the duration:
1. Short term
2. Long term
 According to diagnosis of client:
1. Homogenous
2. Heterogeneous

41. MODELS OF GROUP THERAPY

44.  Cost effective
 Members profit by hearing other members
discussing their problems
 Opportunity to explore specific styles of
communication
 Learn multiple ways of solving problems
 Learn socialization skills