Thrombolysis
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This document discusses thrombolysis, which is a treatment that dissolves dangerous blood clots in the body's blood vessels. Thrombolysis can be used to treat conditions like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, heart attack, and mesenteric ischemia by improving blood flow and preventing damage. Blood clots form when blood vessels become damaged or when there is excessive clotting within the blood. Some common causes of blood clots include injury, inherited clotting disorders, and lack of movement. Thrombolytics like streptokinase, urokinase, and tissue plasminogen activators are administered to break up clots. Diagnostic tests include ultrasounds, venography
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Coronory angiography
Coronary angiography is an x-ray examination of the heart's blood vessels. A small tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin or arm and guided to the heart. A contrast dye is injected through the catheter to make the blood vessels visible on x-rays called angiograms. Preparation for coronary angiography involves explaining the procedure to the patient, obtaining consent, checking blood work and vital signs, preparing the insertion site, and providing psychological support and pre-medication. During the procedure, the patient's position and hemodynamics are monitored and contrast is injected to visualize the coronary arteries. Afterward, the sheath is removed, the site is dressed, and the patient is monitored
Thrombolytics ppt
Blood clots can cause serious medical issues if they block arteries or veins. Thrombolytic drugs work by activating plasminogen into plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin in clots. The three main types of thrombolytic drugs are streptokinase, urokinase, and tissue plasminogen activators (TPA). While all three work to break down clots, TPA is more specific to clots and has fewer side effects than the other drugs. Thrombolytic drugs are used to treat conditions like heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolisms but have risks of bleeding if overused or in the wrong patients.
Heart block
Heart block occurs when the electrical signals between the upper (atrial) and lower (ventricular) chambers of the heart are blocked, preventing normal conduction. There are three main types - first degree, second degree, and third degree - defined by the extent to which conduction is impaired. Risk factors include older age, medications that slow conduction, and underlying heart conditions. Symptoms range from none in first degree, to dizziness and fainting in second degree, with third degree seriously impacting the heart's ability to pump blood.
Central line
This document provides information on central venous catheters (CVCs). It defines a CVC as a catheter placed in a large vein, with regular sites being the neck, chest, groin, or peripherally. CVCs are used to administer medications, fluids, obtain blood tests, and measure central venous pressure. The document describes CVC lumen types, catheter types including tunneled and non-tunneled, insertion techniques using the Seldinger method, complications, and care/maintenance of CVCs.
Thoracentesis
Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space by inserting a needle between the ribs and into the pleural cavity. It is done both diagnostically to evaluate pleural effusions and therapeutically to drain large fluid collections. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, necessary equipment and supplies, step-by-step procedure, monitoring after the procedure, potential risks and complications, and documentation required.
PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) are procedures to treat coronary artery disease. PTCA involves inserting a catheter with a tiny balloon into a blocked coronary artery. The balloon is inflated to compress fatty deposits and enlarge the artery. Sometimes a stent is placed to keep the artery open. CABG is used for more severe or multi-vessel disease. A healthy blood vessel is grafted around blockages to bypass them and restore blood flow to the heart. Both procedures help relieve chest pain but CABG has better long-term outcomes for more extensive disease.
Central venous pressure
This document discusses central venous pressure (CVP), including indications for CVP monitoring, measurement, waveform interpretation, and techniques for central venous cannulation. It notes that CVP can be used to assess intravascular volume status, right ventricular function, and is indicated for major procedures involving fluid shifts. The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein are common access sites, and ultrasound guidance can help with cannulation. Potential complications include arterial puncture, pneumothorax, and infection.
Heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by interacting with antithrombin to accelerate the inhibition of enzymes involved in clot formation. Heparin can be unfractionated or low molecular weight and is derived from animal tissues, administered intravenously or subcutaneously, and has a short half-life of 1.5 hours. Its indications include treating and preventing deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and arterial clots. Common adverse effects include bleeding risks and hematologic issues.
Recommended
Coronory angiography
Coronary angiography is an x-ray examination of the heart's blood vessels. A small tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin or arm and guided to the heart. A contrast dye is injected through the catheter to make the blood vessels visible on x-rays called angiograms. Preparation for coronary angiography involves explaining the procedure to the patient, obtaining consent, checking blood work and vital signs, preparing the insertion site, and providing psychological support and pre-medication. During the procedure, the patient's position and hemodynamics are monitored and contrast is injected to visualize the coronary arteries. Afterward, the sheath is removed, the site is dressed, and the patient is monitored
Thrombolytics ppt
Blood clots can cause serious medical issues if they block arteries or veins. Thrombolytic drugs work by activating plasminogen into plasmin, an enzyme that breaks down fibrin in clots. The three main types of thrombolytic drugs are streptokinase, urokinase, and tissue plasminogen activators (TPA). While all three work to break down clots, TPA is more specific to clots and has fewer side effects than the other drugs. Thrombolytic drugs are used to treat conditions like heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolisms but have risks of bleeding if overused or in the wrong patients.
Heart block
Heart block occurs when the electrical signals between the upper (atrial) and lower (ventricular) chambers of the heart are blocked, preventing normal conduction. There are three main types - first degree, second degree, and third degree - defined by the extent to which conduction is impaired. Risk factors include older age, medications that slow conduction, and underlying heart conditions. Symptoms range from none in first degree, to dizziness and fainting in second degree, with third degree seriously impacting the heart's ability to pump blood.
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Thoracentesis
Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space by inserting a needle between the ribs and into the pleural cavity. It is done both diagnostically to evaluate pleural effusions and therapeutically to drain large fluid collections. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, necessary equipment and supplies, step-by-step procedure, monitoring after the procedure, potential risks and complications, and documentation required.
PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) are procedures to treat coronary artery disease. PTCA involves inserting a catheter with a tiny balloon into a blocked coronary artery. The balloon is inflated to compress fatty deposits and enlarge the artery. Sometimes a stent is placed to keep the artery open. CABG is used for more severe or multi-vessel disease. A healthy blood vessel is grafted around blockages to bypass them and restore blood flow to the heart. Both procedures help relieve chest pain but CABG has better long-term outcomes for more extensive disease.
Central venous pressure
This document discusses central venous pressure (CVP), including indications for CVP monitoring, measurement, waveform interpretation, and techniques for central venous cannulation. It notes that CVP can be used to assess intravascular volume status, right ventricular function, and is indicated for major procedures involving fluid shifts. The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein are common access sites, and ultrasound guidance can help with cannulation. Potential complications include arterial puncture, pneumothorax, and infection.
Heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by interacting with antithrombin to accelerate the inhibition of enzymes involved in clot formation. Heparin can be unfractionated or low molecular weight and is derived from animal tissues, administered intravenously or subcutaneously, and has a short half-life of 1.5 hours. Its indications include treating and preventing deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and arterial clots. Common adverse effects include bleeding risks and hematologic issues.
IABP
The document provides information about intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP). It discusses that IABPs were first described in 1958 and have since improved. IABPs provide temporary left ventricular support by displacing blood in the aorta. They work by inflating in diastole and deflating before systole to increase cardiac output and coronary perfusion pressure while decreasing workload. IABPs are used for cardiac failure, unstable angina, postoperative complications, and as a bridge to transplantation. Complications include limb ischemia, bleeding, thrombosis, and infection.
Coronary angiogram
Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart. It is the gold standard for evaluating coronary artery disease and can identify the location and severity of any blockages. A coronary angiogram involves inserting a catheter into the heart and injecting dye so that blockages are highlighted on x-ray images. Potential complications are rare but can include heart attack, stroke, or kidney injury from the dye. The results of the angiogram are used to determine if further procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery are needed.
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Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan found in mast cells that acts as an anticoagulant by catalyzing the inhibition of coagulation factors like thrombin and factor Xa by antithrombin. It is commonly extracted from pig intestines or cow lungs. Low molecular weight heparins produced by fractionation have a higher affinity for inhibiting factor Xa over thrombin. Heparin is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and in other conditions like myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Adverse effects include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and osteoporosis with prolonged use.
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Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease. The technique was first performed in 1958 by Dr. Mason Sones at the Cleveland Clinic. Coronary angiography allows visualization of the coronary arteries, branches, and anomalies to precisely locate lesions. It provides information needed for coronary interventions. The procedure involves accessing the femoral or radial artery and advancing a catheter into the heart to inject contrast dye and image the arteries. It can detect blockages but has limitations like vessel overlap that may obscure lesions. Complications are rare but can include artery damage, embolism, or arrhythmias.
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ECG
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium through electrodes attached to the skin. The normal conduction pathway in the heart involves electrical signals traveling from the sinoatrial node through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles. An ECG provides 12 leads that together give multiple views of the heart's electrical activity. Key waves include the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave. Nurses must ensure proper ECG procedure and monitor for any abnormalities.
Bronchoscopy ppt
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This document discusses different types of cardiac arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias which are slow heart rhythms and tachyarrhythmias which are fast heart rhythms. It describes specific arrhythmias like sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. It also discusses diagnostic studies, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and treatment options like cardioversion, pacemakers, surgery, and ablation for various arrhythmias.
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Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardium and compresses the heart. It can result from various causes such as viral pericarditis, cancer, kidney failure, and chest trauma. Symptoms include decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, distended neck veins, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid with the aim of improving heart function and relieving symptoms. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering oxygen, IV fluids, antibiotics, and inotropic drugs if needed.
Echocardiogram
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. The main types are transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms. Transthoracic echocardiograms image the heart non-invasively from the chest, while transesophageal echocardiograms pass an ultrasound probe down the esophagus for clearer images. Doppler echocardiography assesses blood flow velocity and direction. Echocardiography is used to evaluate heart structures and function, detect abnormalities, and help diagnose conditions like heart valve problems, heart muscle diseases, and blood clots.
Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
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1. Shock is a life-threatening condition defined as inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues due to acute circulatory failure, leading to cellular injury and death if untreated.
2. The document classifies and describes the pathophysiology and stages of different types of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, and neurogenic shock.
3. Left untreated, the stages of shock progress from initial compensated shock to decompensated shock and finally irreversible shock, with multi-organ failure potentially leading to death.
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Cardioversion is a procedure that uses electric shock or drugs to convert an abnormal heart rhythm back to normal. There are two main types - electrical cardioversion, which delivers a synchronized electric shock, and pharmacological cardioversion, which uses antiarrhythmic drugs. Electrical cardioversion can be elective or emergency, while pharmacological cardioversion utilizes various classes of drugs like beta blockers, sodium channel blockers, and calcium channel blockers to restore normal rhythm. The document outlines the differences between cardioversion and defibrillation, indications and contraindications for cardioversion, recommendations, procedure steps, complications, and drug options for pharmacological cardioversion.
Heart block
This document discusses different types of heart block. It defines heart block as an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly due to blocked electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers. The types of heart block are described as first, second, and third degree. First degree heart block causes a prolonged PR interval but no symptoms. Second degree heart block can be Mobitz type I or II, with type II being more significant. Third degree or complete heart block causes complete dissociation between the upper and lower chambers and requires a pacemaker.
Echocardiogram Basics
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to produce images of the heart. Sound waves are transmitted through a transducer and reflected off heart structures to create pictures. A standard echocardiogram begins with the parasternal long axis view and additional views are obtained by tilting the transducer. A transesophageal echocardiogram inserts the transducer down the throat for clearer images of posterior heart structures. Stress echocardiography images the heart during exercise to reveal lack of blood flow not seen at rest.
Anticoagulant therapy
The document discusses different types of anticoagulants and their uses. It describes that anticoagulants prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting clotting factors. Anticoagulants include heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin, and fondaparinux. Heparin works indirectly by increasing antithrombin III which inhibits thrombin and factor Xa. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and advantages of different anticoagulant drugs.
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Streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) are fibrinolytic drugs that activate plasminogen to induce fibrinolysis. Streptokinase forms a complex with plasminogen to activate it, while t-PA activates plasminogen bound to fibrin hundreds of times more than free plasminogen. The major toxicity of these drugs is hemorrhage from lysis of physiological thrombi and a systemic lytic state. Contraindications include recent surgery, bleeding disorders, and hypertension. Aminocaproic acid inhibits fibrinolysis by competing for lysine binding sites on plasminogen and plasmin.
Drugs and blood clotting
This document provides information about drugs used in hematology, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytic agents. It begins with learning outcomes and an outline of topics to be covered, including disorders of inappropriate blood clotting that these drugs treat. The document then discusses the normal coagulation process and thrombosis. It describes the two main types of thrombus and how anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytic agents work to prevent and treat them. Specific drug classes are covered in more depth, including heparin and low molecular weight heparins, warfarin, and fibrinolytic agents. Clinical uses and guidelines for these drugs are also summarized.
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IABP
The document provides information about intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP). It discusses that IABPs were first described in 1958 and have since improved. IABPs provide temporary left ventricular support by displacing blood in the aorta. They work by inflating in diastole and deflating before systole to increase cardiac output and coronary perfusion pressure while decreasing workload. IABPs are used for cardiac failure, unstable angina, postoperative complications, and as a bridge to transplantation. Complications include limb ischemia, bleeding, thrombosis, and infection.
Coronary angiogram
Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart. It is the gold standard for evaluating coronary artery disease and can identify the location and severity of any blockages. A coronary angiogram involves inserting a catheter into the heart and injecting dye so that blockages are highlighted on x-ray images. Potential complications are rare but can include heart attack, stroke, or kidney injury from the dye. The results of the angiogram are used to determine if further procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery are needed.
BRONCHOSCOPY
BRONCHOSCOPY is a procedure in which a hollow, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is inserted into the airways through the nose or mouth to provide a view of the TRACHEOBRONCHIAL tree.
It can also be used to collect bronchial and/or lung secretions and to perform tissue biopsy.
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This document defines and classifies hyperkalemia based on potassium levels. It discusses the clinical presentation, epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of hyperkalemia. The diagnostic methods and management approaches are also outlined. Hyperkalemia is managed through non-pharmacological treatments like dialysis for severe cases. Pharmacological treatments work to antagonize potassium effects, redistribute potassium into cells, or remove excess potassium from the body using calcium, insulin, beta-agonists, cation exchange resins, and diuretics.
Heparin
Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan found in mast cells that acts as an anticoagulant by catalyzing the inhibition of coagulation factors like thrombin and factor Xa by antithrombin. It is commonly extracted from pig intestines or cow lungs. Low molecular weight heparins produced by fractionation have a higher affinity for inhibiting factor Xa over thrombin. Heparin is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and in other conditions like myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Adverse effects include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and osteoporosis with prolonged use.
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease. The technique was first performed in 1958 by Dr. Mason Sones at the Cleveland Clinic. Coronary angiography allows visualization of the coronary arteries, branches, and anomalies to precisely locate lesions. It provides information needed for coronary interventions. The procedure involves accessing the femoral or radial artery and advancing a catheter into the heart to inject contrast dye and image the arteries. It can detect blockages but has limitations like vessel overlap that may obscure lesions. Complications are rare but can include artery damage, embolism, or arrhythmias.
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Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, results from a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart muscle. The primary cause is coronary artery occlusion due to atherosclerosis, vasospasm, or embolism. Symptoms may include chest pain, dyspnea, sweating, and anxiety. Diagnosis is made based on elevated cardiac enzyme levels and ECG changes. Initial treatment focuses on pain relief, oxygen, fluids, and aspirin while long-term prevention includes medications like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, antiplatelets, and statins to reduce risk of future heart attacks and heart failure.
ECG
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium through electrodes attached to the skin. The normal conduction pathway in the heart involves electrical signals traveling from the sinoatrial node through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles. An ECG provides 12 leads that together give multiple views of the heart's electrical activity. Key waves include the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave. Nurses must ensure proper ECG procedure and monitor for any abnormalities.
Bronchoscopy ppt
Bronchoscopy is a technique used to visualize the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes using a bronchoscope. There are two main types - rigid and flexible fiber optic. Rigid bronchoscopy is used for diagnostic purposes such as finding the cause of cough or hemoptysis, or therapeutically to remove foreign bodies or secretions. It requires general anesthesia. Flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy provides magnification and illumination to examine smaller airways and can be performed at the bedside under topical anesthesia. Both types aim to diagnose lung abnormalities or collect samples but rigid bronchoscopy carries more risks such as injury or hemorrhage.
Protamines
This document discusses protamines, which are small, arginine-rich nuclear proteins that replace histones during spermatogenesis and are essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization. Protamines were originally isolated from salmon sperm and examples include PRM-1 and PRM-2 in humans as well as salmine, clupeine, and iridine in other fish. The primary structure of protamines consists of an arginine-rich domain that plays an important role in packing DNA. Protamines bind to DNA to fold it into a compact structure in the sperm head. Protamine sulfate is used medically to reverse the anticoagulant effects of the drug heparin.
Arrhythmias
This document discusses different types of cardiac arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias which are slow heart rhythms and tachyarrhythmias which are fast heart rhythms. It describes specific arrhythmias like sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. It also discusses diagnostic studies, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and treatment options like cardioversion, pacemakers, surgery, and ablation for various arrhythmias.
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Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardium and compresses the heart. It can result from various causes such as viral pericarditis, cancer, kidney failure, and chest trauma. Symptoms include decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, distended neck veins, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid with the aim of improving heart function and relieving symptoms. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering oxygen, IV fluids, antibiotics, and inotropic drugs if needed.
Echocardiogram
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. The main types are transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms. Transthoracic echocardiograms image the heart non-invasively from the chest, while transesophageal echocardiograms pass an ultrasound probe down the esophagus for clearer images. Doppler echocardiography assesses blood flow velocity and direction. Echocardiography is used to evaluate heart structures and function, detect abnormalities, and help diagnose conditions like heart valve problems, heart muscle diseases, and blood clots.
Cardiac tamponade
CARDIAC TAMPONADE ( Cardiac emergency) • Cardiac Tamponade is a life threatening complication caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. Or • Compression of all cardiac chambers due to excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to compromised cardiac out put.
SHOCK
1. Shock is a life-threatening condition defined as inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues due to acute circulatory failure, leading to cellular injury and death if untreated.
2. The document classifies and describes the pathophysiology and stages of different types of shock, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, and neurogenic shock.
3. Left untreated, the stages of shock progress from initial compensated shock to decompensated shock and finally irreversible shock, with multi-organ failure potentially leading to death.
Cardioversion
Cardioversion is a procedure that uses electric shock or drugs to convert an abnormal heart rhythm back to normal. There are two main types - electrical cardioversion, which delivers a synchronized electric shock, and pharmacological cardioversion, which uses antiarrhythmic drugs. Electrical cardioversion can be elective or emergency, while pharmacological cardioversion utilizes various classes of drugs like beta blockers, sodium channel blockers, and calcium channel blockers to restore normal rhythm. The document outlines the differences between cardioversion and defibrillation, indications and contraindications for cardioversion, recommendations, procedure steps, complications, and drug options for pharmacological cardioversion.
Heart block
This document discusses different types of heart block. It defines heart block as an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly due to blocked electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers. The types of heart block are described as first, second, and third degree. First degree heart block causes a prolonged PR interval but no symptoms. Second degree heart block can be Mobitz type I or II, with type II being more significant. Third degree or complete heart block causes complete dissociation between the upper and lower chambers and requires a pacemaker.
Echocardiogram Basics
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to produce images of the heart. Sound waves are transmitted through a transducer and reflected off heart structures to create pictures. A standard echocardiogram begins with the parasternal long axis view and additional views are obtained by tilting the transducer. A transesophageal echocardiogram inserts the transducer down the throat for clearer images of posterior heart structures. Stress echocardiography images the heart during exercise to reveal lack of blood flow not seen at rest.
Anticoagulant therapy
The document discusses different types of anticoagulants and their uses. It describes that anticoagulants prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting clotting factors. Anticoagulants include heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin, and fondaparinux. Heparin works indirectly by increasing antithrombin III which inhibits thrombin and factor Xa. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant. The document provides details on the mechanisms, uses, and advantages of different anticoagulant drugs.
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PHARMACOLOGY - Fibrinolytic Drugs
Streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) are fibrinolytic drugs that activate plasminogen to induce fibrinolysis. Streptokinase forms a complex with plasminogen to activate it, while t-PA activates plasminogen bound to fibrin hundreds of times more than free plasminogen. The major toxicity of these drugs is hemorrhage from lysis of physiological thrombi and a systemic lytic state. Contraindications include recent surgery, bleeding disorders, and hypertension. Aminocaproic acid inhibits fibrinolysis by competing for lysine binding sites on plasminogen and plasmin.
Drugs and blood clotting
This document provides information about drugs used in hematology, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytic agents. It begins with learning outcomes and an outline of topics to be covered, including disorders of inappropriate blood clotting that these drugs treat. The document then discusses the normal coagulation process and thrombosis. It describes the two main types of thrombus and how anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytic agents work to prevent and treat them. Specific drug classes are covered in more depth, including heparin and low molecular weight heparins, warfarin, and fibrinolytic agents. Clinical uses and guidelines for these drugs are also summarized.
Thrombolytics or Fibrinolytics
The document discusses various thrombolytic drugs (fibrinolytics), which are used to lyse blood clots and recanalize occluded blood vessels. It describes the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, reteplase and tenecteplase. It provides details on the therapeutic uses, indications, contraindications and adverse effects of thrombolytic drugs in treating conditions like acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and more. The document is authored by Dr. Lokendra Sharma, Professor of Pharmacology at SMS Medical College in Jaipur.
Fibrinolytic agents
Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytics, work to dissolve blood clots and are used to treat conditions like heart attacks, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. The main fibrinolytic agents discussed are streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and its variants reteplase and tenecteplase. These work by activating plasminogen and converting it to plasmin to break down fibrin clots. Their use comes with risks of hemorrhage, so antifibrinolytic drugs like tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid are used to reduce bleeding when fibrinolytics are given.
Fibrinolytics & antiplatelets
This document summarizes fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs. It describes the fibrinolytic system and how fibrinolytics like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase work to activate plasminogen and lyse clots. Newer fibrinolytics like reteplase and tenecteplase are discussed. Antiplatelet drugs discussed include aspirin, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, abciximab and how they inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking TXA2 synthesis, increasing cAMP, or blocking ADP/GP-IIb-IIIa receptors. Their uses for coronary artery disease and procedures are highlighted.
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- Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells, which occurs in the bone marrow. It produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through stem cell differentiation.
- There are two main pathways involved in coagulation and hemostasis. Primary hemostasis involves platelet activation and adhesion. Secondary hemostasis is the coagulation cascade of clotting factor activation through the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways.
- Common hematologic conditions seen in intensive care units include anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and disorders of coagulation. Evaluation and treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
Bleeding disorders
This document discusses bleeding, clotting, and related abnormalities. It covers the mechanisms of hemostasis, the clotting cascade, factors involved in clotting, causes of bleeding disorders, investigations for bleeding and clotting abnormalities, and treatment approaches. The key points are: bleeding can be external or internal; hemostasis involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting; clotting is a cascade of coagulation factors; abnormalities can cause excessive clotting (thrombosis) or bleeding; investigations include blood tests and imaging; treatment depends on the specific disorder but aims to replace any deficient clotting factors.
thrombosis
This document discusses blood coagulation and thrombosis. It begins by defining coagulation as the process by which blood loses fluidity and becomes a jelly-like clot. It then describes the stages of clotting including formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The coagulation cascade and factors involved are also outlined. The document further discusses thrombosis, its causes including endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Common sites of arterial and venous thrombi are compared. Oral health considerations and dental management of patients with bleeding disorders are summarized.
Dic syndrome
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired syndrome where there is widespread activation of the coagulation system, leading to microvascular thrombosis and organ damage. It can occur acutely when large amounts of procoagulants are suddenly released, or chronically with small continuous releases over time. Left untreated, it can cause life-threatening hemorrhage. Diagnosis involves looking for signs of bleeding and thrombosis, as well as using scoring systems to assess coagulation markers. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying condition while providing supportive care and replacing clotting factors.
2. hyperemia and congestion; hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. It defines key terms and compares hyperemia and congestion. Hyperemia is an active process involving arterial dilation that causes redness in tissue, while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow that causes blue-red discoloration. Congestion can lead to tissue hypoxia, degeneration, scarring, and fibrosis in organs like the lung and liver if not resolved.
Deep Vein thrombosis.pptx
This presentation is about Deep vein Thrombosis which includes in-depth information including anatomy and physiology, introduction, causes, pathophysiology, s/s/,management (medical and nursing) which is very important for PG and UG nurses.
4.Circulation.disorders.pdf
This document provides a summary of various pathologies related to blood circulation. It discusses edema, hyperemia, ischemia, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and embolism. It defines these terms and describes their causes, classifications, and clinical significance. For example, it explains that edema is the accumulation of tissue fluid, and discusses different types like traumatic or inflammatory edema. It also covers topics like venous plethora, arterial hyperemia, ischemia, mechanisms of bleeding, classifications of hematomas, blood stasis, classifications of thrombi, and outcomes of thrombosis.
Deep vein thrombosis
A venous thrombus is a blood clot that forms in the veins. It can lead to a pulmonary embolism if parts of the clot break off and travel to the lungs. Venous thrombosis is caused by damage to the vessel wall, slowed blood flow, and increased coagulability. Risk factors include injuries to the lower limbs, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and cancer. Diagnosis involves testing for d-dimer and ultrasound imaging of the veins. Treatment consists of blood thinners like heparin and warfarin to prevent clot growth as well as thrombolysis to break up existing clots.
What is Thrombosis?
Thrombosis is a condition where a blood clot forms inside a blood vessel, restricting or stopping blood flow. It has two main categories: venous thrombosis, where a clot forms in a vein, and arterial thrombosis, where a clot forms in an artery. Thrombosis can be caused by abnormalities in blood coagulation, injuries to blood vessels, or slowed blood flow. Risk factors include inherited blood disorders, prolonged bed rest, obesity, smoking, cancer, and pregnancy. Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of the clot. Treatment involves anticoagulant medications, compression stockings, filters, endovascular procedures, or surgery.
Pleural Effusion Lecture Note by Gboneme Sandra
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that can be caused by increased fluid production or reduced absorption. It is classified based on appearance, fluid chemistry, location, and presence of malignant cells. Common causes include congestive heart failure, liver disease, and malignancy. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, fluid analysis, and cytology. Treatment depends on the cause but may include drainage, pleurodesis, or shunting in recurrent cases.
Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Coagulation & Shock . pptx
This document discusses several medical conditions related to blood flow and clotting: thrombosis, embolism, infarction, coagulation, and shock. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within the vascular system and can be caused by factors like damaged blood vessels, slowed blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Embolism occurs when a blood clot or air bubble breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, potentially blocking a vessel. Infarction is tissue death caused by inadequate blood supply due to a blocked artery or vein. Coagulation disorders like disseminated intravascular coagulation can lead to abnormal clotting throughout the blood vessels. The document provides classifications, causes, treatments and complications
Disease of the veins
This document summarizes varicose veins, including their definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Varicose veins are distended and tortuous veins, usually in the legs, caused by valve incompetence and blood pooling. They are often due to genetic factors but can be caused by activities that increase abdominal or leg pressure like pregnancy, obesity, or standing. Common symptoms include aching, swelling, and unsightly leg appearance. Treatment may involve support stockings, surgical procedures, and addressing underlying risk factors. More severe cases can lead to chronic venous insufficiency with skin changes, ulceration and impaired healing if not properly managed.
HAEMORRHAGE AND RAKTHA SRAVA
Haemorrhage refers to the loss of blood from the circulatory system. Uncontrolled bleeding can rapidly lead to shock and death. There are various types of haemorrhage depending on the source, timing, nature, duration, and quantity of bleeding. Clinical features include pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, and signs of shock. Management involves immediate measures to stabilize the patient as well as specific measures to control bleeding such as pressure, packing, cauterization, and in some cases surgery or embolization. Blood transfusion may be needed to replace lost blood volume.
4.oedema,thrombosis,embolism
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel or heart chamber. There are three main types of thrombi based on composition and location. Thrombosis occurs due to endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi form at sites of injury or turbulence in arteries and heart chambers, and at sites of stasis in veins. Microscopically, thrombi appear laminated with alternating pale and dark layers. Thrombosis can occur in any blood vessel and lead to complications such as embolism if parts of the thrombus break off.
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Thrombolysis
- 1. THROMBOLYSIS By: Sachin Kumar M-Pharm (Pharmacology) Dept. of pharma. Sci. M.D.U Rohtak, Haryana
- 2. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • USE of THROMBOLYSIS • BLOOD CLOT • CAUSES and RISK FACTORS of BLOOD CLOT • DIAGNOSIS of BLOOD CLOT • THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS • REFERENCES
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Thrombolysis also known as thrombolytic therapy. • It is a treatment to dissolve dangerous blood clot in blood vessels, improve blood flow and prevent damage to tissues and organ. • Formation of blood clot inside a blood vessel obstructing the blood flow through the circulatory system.
- 4. USE OF THROMBOLYSIS • In Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) • In Pulmonary Embolus • In Stroke • In Heart Attack • In Mesenteric Ischemia
- 6. STROKE
- 8. ARTERIAL BLOOD CLOT IN LEGS
- 10. BLOOD CLOT
- 11. CAUSES of BLOOD CLOTS • Damage of blood vessels • Excessive clotting ability (Hypercoagulability) • Pooling of blood (Stasis) • Inherited causes of blood clot - Increase level of procoagulants - Decreased level of anticoagulants - Abnormal fibrinolysis
- 13. DIAGNOSIS of BLOOD CLOT • ULTRASOUND • VENOGRAPHY • D-DIMER TEST • CT- SCAN • VENTILLATION PERFUSION
- 14. THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS • STREPTOKINASE • UROKINASE • TPA (TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS) - Ateplase - Reteplase - Tenecteplase • ANTICOAGULANTS DRUGS
- 15. ANTICOAGULANTS DRUG • NOVAL DRUGS - Apixoban - Rivaroxaban - Endoxaban - Abigatran • HEPARIN • WARFARIN
- 17. REFERENCES • Fauci, Anthony S., et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2011. • Katzung, Bertram G., Susan B. Masters, and Anthony J. Trevor, “ Basic & clinical pharmacology”, Eleventh edition, Published by MC Graw Hill - 12 Aug 2009, Page no.- 587-602. • Heit, JA. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the comm unity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:370372. • Weitz JI. Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embo lism. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/deepvein/workshop/agenda. html . Accessed March 10, 2010. • Hirsh J, et al. Mechanism of action and pharmacology of unfractionat ed heparin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:10941096.