This project was done by the students of Department of Computer Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC).
Project Video : https://youtu.be/gEsIEVdwU7Q
automatic railway gate control system using arduinoantivirusspam
The objective of this project is to manage the control system of railway gate using the arduino. When train arrives at the sensing point alarm is triggered at the railway crossing point so that the people get intimation that gate is going to be closed. Then the control system activates and closes the gate on either side of the track once the train crosses the other end control system automatically lifts the gate.
Automatic Railway Gate Control
Project Objective :
Provide an automatic railway gate at a Level crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents.
video URL :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0Z61bOQp8w
This project was done by the students of Department of Computer Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC).
Project Video : https://youtu.be/gEsIEVdwU7Q
automatic railway gate control system using arduinoantivirusspam
The objective of this project is to manage the control system of railway gate using the arduino. When train arrives at the sensing point alarm is triggered at the railway crossing point so that the people get intimation that gate is going to be closed. Then the control system activates and closes the gate on either side of the track once the train crosses the other end control system automatically lifts the gate.
Automatic Railway Gate Control
Project Objective :
Provide an automatic railway gate at a Level crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents.
video URL :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0Z61bOQp8w
The focus of the Indian Railways is to increase capacity utilization of existing assets including rolling stock, track infrastructure, traction power and signalling & telecommunications. By running more high speed trains on the existing infrastructure, passengers and freight carrying capacity as well as revenue and profitability can be increased. In order to ensure safety over high speed and high density rail networks of Indian Railways it is the need of the hour to implement Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system such as Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Indian Railways have taken up indigenous development of Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) through Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO) to prevent dangerous train collisions caused due to human errors or limitations and equipment failures by providing additional layer of enhanced safety in the operations.
Automatic Railway Gate Control System Using Androidijtsrd
The project is designed to control over the railway level crossing gate using Android mobile phone by the gate keeper. Opening and closing of railway level crossing gate involves manpower, which could be often causes incorrect leading to accidents. This system prevents the need of any human involvement at the railway level crossing. This system involves opening and closing of the level crossing gate by using an Android app. This Remote operation is achieved by any smart-phone Tablet etc., with Android OS, upon a Graphical User Interface based touch screen operation. A Bluetooth device is interfaced with the system. When the gate keeper sent command to close from the Android application device when the train is approaching at the level crossing to the Bluetooth device which while supply to the microcontroller, sends an output signal which activates a mechanism to switch on the motor to close the gate. To open the gate, another command needs to be sent for the microcontroller to open the gate using motor driver integrated circuit. In this project we use a microcontroller of 8051 families, and the input to its Bluetooth device which takes command from the user Android application. The output to microcontroller is given to a motor by using a motor driver integrated circuit for some required operation. The status, whether the gate is open or close is displayed on an LCD liquefied crystal display interfaced to the microcontroller. Miss. Snehal Patil | Miss. Komal Jadhav | Miss. Rutuja Chinchawde | Miss. Aditi Patil | Mr. Sagar V. Chavan "Automatic Railway Gate Control System Using Android" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18741.pdf
Simplest possible way to get through unwanted presentations in easiest way.. Technically concept is made clear but not the controller and embedded coding part...
Obstacle Avoiding Robot
Robotics is a branch of science that deals with Mechanical, Electrical and Software fields. Robots are the machines that are used in our day-to-day to life to reduce men power and work accurately without any distortions. Robots can be classified into two different sections basing upon their skills as Automated and Manual. Obstacle detector is a Automated robot which itself recognizes the obstacle in its path and moves in free direction. Robot detects the obstacle by using two IR Sensors placed in front.
The IR sensors are placed on left and right side of the robot through which continuous Infrared radiation is emitted for detection of obstacles in the path. These IR Sensors are connected to a controlling element AT89c51 µc. When a obstacle is placed in the path of robot IR beam is reflected to the sensor from the obstacle. On detecting obstacle in the path sensor sends 0 volts to µc. This 0 voltage is detected by Microcontroller which avoids the obstacle by taking left or right turn. Similarly if the sensor sends +5v to Microcontroller, the Microcontroller assumes it as clear path and makes the robot to move in straight.
Two motors namely right motor and left motor are connected to Motor driver IC (L293D). L293D is interface with Microcontroller. Microcontroller sends logic 0 & logic 1 as per the programming to driver IC which makes motors to rotate in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Wheels attached to the motors rotate accordingly with the motor shaft causing in the moment of the robot by wheels. In front portion of the robot a free wheel is attached to move the robot easily in any direction as per the requirement.
A 12Volts DC battery is attached to the circuit. As the microcontroller and sensors requires only 5v, set of resistors and capacitors are used to supply 5v DC to them. Power Management System is not maintained in the circuit as the battery can be removed after the usage of robot. So it does not cause any loss in the power of battery.
This type of robots has multiple applications in various fields. They can be used to know the strength of the opposite army in defense system. They can be used as floor and wall cleaners. They are used in automated GPS vehicles to calculate the moment of the vehicle overhead. These robots are easy to construct and cheaper in cost with long durability.
A Report on Bidirectional Visitor Counter using IR sensors and Arduino Uno R3Abhishekvb
The aim of our project is to make a controller which can sense if any person enters the room and it lights up the room automatically and also counts how many person are entering the room or going out of it.
Automatic Train Collision and Accidence Avoidance systemPradeepRaj
This is an idea presentation, which can be implemented in near future to drastically reduce the rate of train accidents.
It is based on the concept of Piezoelectric sensor, Ultrasonic sensor and Pattern recognition.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The focus of the Indian Railways is to increase capacity utilization of existing assets including rolling stock, track infrastructure, traction power and signalling & telecommunications. By running more high speed trains on the existing infrastructure, passengers and freight carrying capacity as well as revenue and profitability can be increased. In order to ensure safety over high speed and high density rail networks of Indian Railways it is the need of the hour to implement Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system such as Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Indian Railways have taken up indigenous development of Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) through Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO) to prevent dangerous train collisions caused due to human errors or limitations and equipment failures by providing additional layer of enhanced safety in the operations.
Automatic Railway Gate Control System Using Androidijtsrd
The project is designed to control over the railway level crossing gate using Android mobile phone by the gate keeper. Opening and closing of railway level crossing gate involves manpower, which could be often causes incorrect leading to accidents. This system prevents the need of any human involvement at the railway level crossing. This system involves opening and closing of the level crossing gate by using an Android app. This Remote operation is achieved by any smart-phone Tablet etc., with Android OS, upon a Graphical User Interface based touch screen operation. A Bluetooth device is interfaced with the system. When the gate keeper sent command to close from the Android application device when the train is approaching at the level crossing to the Bluetooth device which while supply to the microcontroller, sends an output signal which activates a mechanism to switch on the motor to close the gate. To open the gate, another command needs to be sent for the microcontroller to open the gate using motor driver integrated circuit. In this project we use a microcontroller of 8051 families, and the input to its Bluetooth device which takes command from the user Android application. The output to microcontroller is given to a motor by using a motor driver integrated circuit for some required operation. The status, whether the gate is open or close is displayed on an LCD liquefied crystal display interfaced to the microcontroller. Miss. Snehal Patil | Miss. Komal Jadhav | Miss. Rutuja Chinchawde | Miss. Aditi Patil | Mr. Sagar V. Chavan "Automatic Railway Gate Control System Using Android" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18741.pdf
Simplest possible way to get through unwanted presentations in easiest way.. Technically concept is made clear but not the controller and embedded coding part...
Obstacle Avoiding Robot
Robotics is a branch of science that deals with Mechanical, Electrical and Software fields. Robots are the machines that are used in our day-to-day to life to reduce men power and work accurately without any distortions. Robots can be classified into two different sections basing upon their skills as Automated and Manual. Obstacle detector is a Automated robot which itself recognizes the obstacle in its path and moves in free direction. Robot detects the obstacle by using two IR Sensors placed in front.
The IR sensors are placed on left and right side of the robot through which continuous Infrared radiation is emitted for detection of obstacles in the path. These IR Sensors are connected to a controlling element AT89c51 µc. When a obstacle is placed in the path of robot IR beam is reflected to the sensor from the obstacle. On detecting obstacle in the path sensor sends 0 volts to µc. This 0 voltage is detected by Microcontroller which avoids the obstacle by taking left or right turn. Similarly if the sensor sends +5v to Microcontroller, the Microcontroller assumes it as clear path and makes the robot to move in straight.
Two motors namely right motor and left motor are connected to Motor driver IC (L293D). L293D is interface with Microcontroller. Microcontroller sends logic 0 & logic 1 as per the programming to driver IC which makes motors to rotate in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Wheels attached to the motors rotate accordingly with the motor shaft causing in the moment of the robot by wheels. In front portion of the robot a free wheel is attached to move the robot easily in any direction as per the requirement.
A 12Volts DC battery is attached to the circuit. As the microcontroller and sensors requires only 5v, set of resistors and capacitors are used to supply 5v DC to them. Power Management System is not maintained in the circuit as the battery can be removed after the usage of robot. So it does not cause any loss in the power of battery.
This type of robots has multiple applications in various fields. They can be used to know the strength of the opposite army in defense system. They can be used as floor and wall cleaners. They are used in automated GPS vehicles to calculate the moment of the vehicle overhead. These robots are easy to construct and cheaper in cost with long durability.
A Report on Bidirectional Visitor Counter using IR sensors and Arduino Uno R3Abhishekvb
The aim of our project is to make a controller which can sense if any person enters the room and it lights up the room automatically and also counts how many person are entering the room or going out of it.
Automatic Train Collision and Accidence Avoidance systemPradeepRaj
This is an idea presentation, which can be implemented in near future to drastically reduce the rate of train accidents.
It is based on the concept of Piezoelectric sensor, Ultrasonic sensor and Pattern recognition.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
Gates are operated manually by gate keepers. Lots of energy is required in order to push or pull the gate.
Nowadays , no. of public as well as private vehicles are increasing rapidly, thereby increasing the no. of problems faced while parking them.
Suppose a vehicle needs to be parked and enters a parking area without any prior knowledge of availability of vacant space for parking.
If no vacancy is available; time ,fuel and money is lost abruptly and in return creates a lot of chaos inside the parking area.
This project is designed so as to automatically open or close the gate when the vehicle arrives and to facilitate the vehicle parking without human intervention.
Implementation of anti-collision train prototype based on arduino microcontro...IJAAS Team
Because the electrical train become a popular mode and Eco-Friendly of transport in largest cities in the world in our day life and due to increase in the train accidents. In this paper a train collision avoidance system is designed and implemented using Arduino NANO and an ultrasonic sensor. A prototype is used to explain the system function using; two train samples on single track. The ultrasonic sensor is connected to the Arduino NANO to transmit the measured distance to the microcontroller and make the decision to stop the train. The ultrasonic sensor on both trains from the front end and continually measures the distance between them and when they reach the decided distance a signal to the trains engines will slow down or stop both trains to avoid a collision while when the ultrasonic sensors from the rear-end continually measure the distance between them and when it reaches the decided distance a signal to the train engine will slow down and stop the first train to avoid a collision.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Automatic railway gate control using arduino uno
1. Automatic Railway Gate Control
Using Arduino Uno
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
T.SELVALAKSHMI
A comprehensive project report has been submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
DR.G.U.POPE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SAWYARPURAM
2. Abstract:
As Human safety is major goal for Railways. The intention of this of paper is to
achieve automatic control at the level crossings when the arrival/departure of the
train takes place replacing the manual gate control. The railway gate automatically
is closed when a train passes through the railway crossing. The detection of arrival
and departure of train is donebyusing two IR sensors. Thegate opening and closing
is to be done using servo motors/DC motors which is controlled by Arduino Uno.
Buzzers are used to indicate the closing of gate for the people who are trying to
cross the gate. This system helps in avoiding the increased number of the accidents
at level crossing in India. The hardware is supported by the Arduino C
programming. The proposed system is more reliable and cost efficient.
4. Description of Components………………………………………………………
1. Arduino Uno………………………………………………………
2. H-Bridge Motor Driver………………………………………………
3. IR Sensor Module………………………………………………
4. DC Motor………………………………………………
5. Battery………………………………………………
6. Software………………………………………………
FUTURE SCOPE……………………………………………………………….
1. Possible obstacles ………………………………………………
2. Possible solutions and future scopes
ADVANTAGES………………………………………………
PROBLEMS ………………………………………………
DISCUSSION………………………………………………
APPLICATIONS………………………………………………
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………
COST ANALISIS………………………………………………
5. LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1. Circuit Diagram of prototype
Fig 2. Arduino UNO R3
Fig 3. Atmel mega 328P
Fig 4. Motor Driver Circuit
Fig 5. LM 358 IC
Fig 6. LM 358 IC internal Circuitry
Fig 7. IR LED
Fig 8. Photodiode
Fig 9. IR sensor Module circuit
Fig 10. IR sensor Module
Fig 11. DC Motor
Fig 12. 9V Battery
Fig 13. Arduino IDE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 PIN diagram of Atmel mega 328p
Table 2. PIN diagram of LN 293D
Table 3. COST ANALISIS
6. INTRODUCTION
In today’s scenario Railway safety becomes the most important aspect of railways
all over the world. As we know the Railways is the cheapest modeof transportation,
and due to manual operation, accidents are likely to happen. There are 30348 level
crossings on Indian Railways across the country.18785 are man handled and 11563
are non-man handled level crossings out of 303048 level crossings. To avoid
accidents over previous five years 4792 level crossings have been removed by the
respective Zonal railways of Indian Railways. The Indian ministry of Railways
made a decision focusingon eliminating all level crossings onavailability ofrailway
funds, which could be controlled automatically. The suggest system helps in
achieving the safety and to prevent accidents at the level crossings that are non-man
handled. The Automatic railway gate control system can be employed under non
man handled level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and
requirement of reliable operation are there. Since, the proposed modelsuggests an
automatic system, it helps in reducing the error which is in manual operation and it
will beused as highly reliable source. Theproposedmodelofautomatic gate control
at level crossings is highly economical based on the arrangement done by using
Arduino and Servo motor/ DC motors which makes the design for use in almost
every non man handled that is unmanned railway crossings.
The proposed modelsuggests a design to control a railway level-crossing by servo
motor/ DC motors using Arduino controller. The connection of motor is done from
7. Arduino with the help of a motor driver for controlling the railway gate. Two IR
sensors are used to detect arrival and departure of the train. IR sensors are checking
the complete closing of gate.
1.Objective:
The objective of this project is to create an automatic railway gate control system
which can be implemented easily in roads. Generally there are manual gate control
system which are maintained by person. As vehicles are increasing day by day it
has become more difficult to control the gate manually. As a result often accident
occurs and many people become injured badly and sometimes it become very
serious when people died due to this type of accidents. This project can help us to
reduce accidents in our country by introducing automatic railway gate control
system.
2.Related work
Earlier opening/closing of crossing gates were fully controlled by gatekeeper. The
method was that when train departs from any station a controller or a station master
was used to call to contact the gatekeeper and inform the gatekeeper about the
departure. On receiving the message, the gatekeeper closes the gate by calculating
the time from station to the gate. However, the gate remains closed for long time
even if the train is late for some reasons. This can be eliminated by using an
automatic railway gate control which uses a sensor near to the railway gate that
detects the arrival of a train and closes the gate. Note this requires very less time
compareto manual operation of the gates and reduces the manpower. The Proposed
model to automatically control the crossing gateway helps in achieving the safety
and to prevent accidents at the unmanned level crossings. The Automatic railway
gate system can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of
accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the proposed system
8. is automatic, it helps in reducing the error which is in manual operation and it can
be used as high reliable source.
Block diagram
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
WORKING
In this proposed model we use USB cable to connect the Arduino Uno to the PC
that will supply the power Arduino Uno and the sensors are powered by 9v battery.
After this Supply is given to ARDUINO the servo motor/DC motor and IR sensor
are controlled and interfaced through the ARDUINO. Now the IR sensorsenses the
arrival/departure of the Train and accordingly sets up the Buzzer to notify the
surrounding/nearby area. After which the servo motor/DC motorwhich here is used
to control the gateway system at the crossing itself takes the corresponding action
to whether open or close the gateway accordingly.
CODING:
10. {
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}
}
}
Coding Explanation:
First the pin mode for the appropriate pins in Arduino Uno. Set the pin 2 & 3 as a
inputs and set the pin 8 & 9 as a outputs. Then enter into the loop and write the
command. When the digitalRead to pin 2 is HIGH then it will HIGH the pin 8, else
it check digitalRead to pin 3 if it is HIGH then it will also HIGH the pin 8, if the
digitalRead to pin 2 and 3 both are LOW then it will HIGH the pin 9.
Required Components
1. Arduino Uno R3
2. L293D motor driver
3. Lm 358 IC
4. IR sensor Pairs
11. 5. DC Motor
6. Buzzer
7. LEDs
8. Jumper Wires
Description of components
1. Arduino Uno
1.1. Arduino Uno R3
The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-sourcemicrocontroller board based on
the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board
features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development
12. Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB cable or by an
external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also
similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is
distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is
available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions
of the hardware are also available. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosento
mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.The Uno board and version 1.0
of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved
to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards,
and the reference model for the Arduino platform.[3] The ATmega328 on the
Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloaderthat allows to upload new
code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter.
1.2 Technical Specifications
• Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• Operating Voltage: 5v
• Input Voltage: 7-20v
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
• SRAM: 2 KB
• EEPROM: 1 KB
13. • Clock Speed: 16 MHz
• Length: 68.6 mm
• Width: 53.4 mm
• Weight: 25 g
1.3 PINS
A. General Pin functions
• LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/ Genuino board when it's using an
external powersource(as opposed to 5volts fromthe USB connection orother
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V: This pin outputs aregulated 5V fromthe regulator onthe board. Theboard
can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via
the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.
• 3V3:A 3.3 volt supplygenerated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
• GND: Ground pins.
• IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/ Genuino board provides the voltage
reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured
shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate powersource
or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
• Reset:Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on
the board.
14. B. Special Pin Functions
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 Analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input
or output, using pinMode (), digitalWrite (), and digitalRead () functions. They
operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended
operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on
any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has 6
analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each ofwhich provide 10 bits ofresolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin
and the analogReference () function.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
• Serial:pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to TTL Serial chip.
• External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Can provide 8-bit
PWM output with the analogWrite () function.
• SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
• TWI (Two Wire Interface): A4 orSDA pin and A5 or SCLpin. SupportTWI
communication using the Wire library.
• AREF (Analog Reference: Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
1.4. Communication
15. The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The
ATmega328 provides UART TTL(5V) serial communication, which is available
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this
serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual comport to software on
the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a. in file is required. The
Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB
connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows serial communication on any ofthe Uno's digital
pins.
1.5. Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by
software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control
lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the
ATmega328 via a 100 Nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.[7]
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made
to it from software (via USB). Forthe following half-second or so, the bootloader
is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of
data sent to the board after a connection is opened.
16. 2 Atmel ATmega 328P
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP flash
memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-
channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels
in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal
oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates
between 1.8-5.5 volts.
The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
Table 1.
Parameter Value
CPU type 8-bit AVR
Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz[2]
Flash memory 32 kB
SRAM 2 kB
EEPROM 1 kB
Pin count
28-pin PDIP, MLF, 32-pin TQFP,
MLF[2]
17. Maximum operating
frequency
20 MHz
Number of touch channels 16
Hardware Q Touch
Acquisition
No
Maximum I/O pins 23
External interrupts 2
USB Interface No
USB Speed –
Fig 2. Atmel mega 328p
2. H-Bridge Motor Driver
18. An H bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied
to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow
DC motors to run forwards or backwards. Most DC-to-AC converters (power
inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, most motor
controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In particular,
a bipolar steppermotor is almost invariably driven by a motorcontroller containing
Two H Bridges.
2.1. Relays
One way to build an H bridge is to use an array of relays from a relay board.A
"double pole double throw" (DPDT) relay can generally achieve the same electrical
functionality as an H bridge (considering the usual function of the device). However
a semiconductor-based H bridge would be preferable to the relay where a smaller
physical size, high speed switching, or low driving voltage (or low driving power)
is needed, or where the wearing out of mechanical parts is undesirable.
Another option is to have a DPDT relay to set the direction of current flow and a
transistor to enable the current flow. This can extend the relay life, as the relay will
be switched while the transistor is off and thereby there is no current flow. It also
enables the use of PWM switching to control the current level.
2.2. N and P channel semiconductors
H Bridge with N channel MOSFET's
19. A solid-state H bridge is typically constructed using oppositepolarity devices, such
as PNP bipolar junction transistors (BJT) or P-channel MOSFETs connected to the
high voltage bus and NPN BJTs or N-channel MOSFETs connected to the low
voltage bus.
2.3. N channel-only semiconductors
The most efficient MOSFET designs use N-channel MOSFETs on both the high
side and low side because they typically have a third of the ON resistance of P-
channel MOSFETs. This requires a more complex design since the gates ofthe high
side MOSFETs must be driven positive with respect to the DC supply rail. Many
integrated circuit MOSFET gate drivers include a charge pump within the device to
achieve this.
Alternatively, a switched-mode power supply DC–DC converter can be used to
provide isolated ('floating') supplies to the gate drive circuitry. A multiple-output
fly back converter is well-suited to this application.
Another method for driving MOSFET-bridges is the use of a specialized
transformer known as a GDT (gate drive transformer), which gives the isolated
outputs for driving the upper FETs gates. The transformer core is usually a ferrite
toroid, with 1:1 or 4:9 winding ratio. However, this method can only be used with
high frequency signals. The design of the transformer is also very important, as
the leakage inductance should be minimized, or cross conduction may occur. The
outputs of the transformer are usually clamped by Zener diodes, because
high voltage spikes could destroy the MOSFET gates.
2.4. Variants
A common variation of this circuit uses just the two transistors on one side of the
load, similar to a class AB amplifier. Such a configuration is called a "half
bridge".[3] The half bridge is used in some switched-mode power supplies that
20. use synchronous rectifiers and in switching amplifiers. The half-H bridge type is
commonly abbreviated to "Half-H" to distinguish it from full ("Full-H") H bridges.
Another common variation, adding a third 'leg' to the bridge, creates a three-phase
inverter. The three-phase inverter is the core of any AC motor drive.
A further variation is the half-controlled bridge, where the low-side switching
device on one side of the bridge, and the high-side switching device on the opposite
side of the bridge, are each replaced with diodes. This eliminates the shoot-through
failure mode, and is commonly used to drive variable or switched reluctance
machines and actuators where bi-directional current flow is not required.
2.5. Commercial availability
There are many commercially available inexpensive single and dual H-bridge
packages, of which the L293x series includes the most common ones. Few
packages, like L9110, have built-in fly back diodes for back EMF protection.
2.6. Operation as an inverter
A common use ofthe H Bridge is an inverter. The arrangement is sometimes known
as a single-phase bridge inverter.
The H Bridge with a DC supply will generate a square wave voltage waveform
across the load. For a purely inductive load, the current waveform would be a
triangle wave, with its peak depending on the inductance, switching frequency, and
input voltage.
2.7. H-Bridge Working Principle
An H-bridge is built of four switches that control the flow of current to a load. In
the image above, the load is the M connecting the two sets of switches. Using one
current source, you can drive current in two directions by closing two switches.
21. If Switch 1 and 4 are closed, then the current will flow from the left to right on this
image:
The H-bridge configured to have switch 1 and switch 4 closed.
If you close switch 1 and switch 4, the current will flow from the source, through
switch 1, and then through the load, then through switch 4, and then back to the
load.
22. An H-bridge circuit with S2 and S3 closed.
In the image above, the circuit has Switch 2 and switch 3 closed. This will cause
the current to flow from the source, through switch 3, and then through the load,
then through switch 2, then back to the load.
One thing you have to be very cautious about when working with H-bridges is to
not create a short circuit. If you create a short circuit, that’s a sure way to burn out
your H-bridge. I may have burned out my very first H-bridge at Digi lent.
2.8. Motor Driver Circuit
23. 3. IR Sensor Module
3.1. LM 358 IC
The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC. It is
designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally
frequency compensated, high gain, and independent op-amps. This IC is designed
for specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
The LM358 IC is available in a chip sized package and applications of this op amp
include conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer amplifiers.
LM358 IC is a good, standard operational amplifier and it is suitable for your
needs. It can handle 3-32V DC supply & sourceup to 20mA per channel. This op-
amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps for a single power supply.
It’s available in an 8-pin DIP package.
Fig 4. LM358 IC
3.2. PIN configuration
The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins, where
• Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator
24. • Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting I/PS
• Pin-3 and pin-5 are non-inverting I/PS
• Pin-4 is GND terminal
• Pin-8 is VCC+
Fig 5. Internal circuitry configuration of LM 358 IC.
3.3. Features of LM 358 IC
The features of the LM358 IC are
• It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated for unity gain
• The large voltage gain is 100 dB
• Wide bandwidth is 1MHz
• Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies
• Range of Single power supply is from 3V to 32V
• Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V
• The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 μA
• 2mV low I/p offset voltage
25. • Common mode I/p voltage range comprises ground
• The power supply voltage and differential I/p voltages are similar
• O/p voltage swing is large.
3.4. IR sensor kit using LM 358 IC
3.4.1 IR LED
IR LED emits light, in the range of Infrared frequency. IR light is invisible to us
as its wavelength (700nm – 1mm) is much higher than the visible light range.
Everything which produceheat, emits infrared like for example our human body.
Infrared have the same properties as visible light, like it can be focused, reflected
and polarized like visible light.
Fig 6. IR LED
3.4.2 Photodiode
Photodiode is considered as Light dependent Resistor (LDR), means it has very
High resistance in absence of light and become low when light falls on it.
Photodiode is a semiconductor which has a P-N junction, operated in Reverse
Bias, means it start conducting the current in reverse direction when Light falls on
it, and the amount of current flow is proportional to the amount of Light. This
property makes it useful for IR detection.
26. Fig 7. Photodiode
3.4.3 IR sensor Module
Components
• IR pair (IR LED and Photodiode)
• IC LM358
• Resistor 100, 10k, 330 ohm
• Variable resistor – 10k
• LED
27. 3.4.4 Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor module
Fig 8. Circuit diagram of IR sensor module
Fig 9. IR sensor module
3.4.5 Working method
When we turn ON the circuit there is no IR radiation towards photodiodeand the
Output of the comparator is LOW. When we take some object (not black) in front
28. of IR pair, then IR emitted by IR LED is reflected by the object and absorbed by
the photodiode. Now when reflected IR Falls on Photodiode, the voltage across
photodiode drops, and the voltage across series resistor R2 increases. When the
voltage at ResistorR2(which is connected to the non-inverting end of comparator)
gets higher than the voltage at inverting end, then the output becomes HIGH and
LED turns ON.
Voltage at inverting end, which is also called Threshold Voltage, can be set by
rotating the variable resistor’s knob. Higher the voltage at inverting end (-), less
sensitive the sensor and Lower the voltage at inverting end (-), more sensitive the
sensor.
4. DC Motor:
A DC motor usually means a permanent-magnet, direct-current (DC) motor
of the sort used in toys, models, cordless tools, and robots. These motors are
particularly versatile because both their speed and direction can be readily
controlled; speed by the voltage or duty cycle of their power supply, and direction
by its polarity.
Torque is a measurement of the motors power. The higher the torque of the motor
the more weight it can move. DC motors provide different amounts of torque
depending on their running speed, which is measured in RPM (revolutions per
minute). At low RPMDC motors produce poor torque, and generally the higher the
RPM, the better the motors torque. However, in high torque, the speed may be too
high for an application. That's why we have to use gears (or geared motor) to reduce
29. the overall speed of the motor and running at the top speed to get the most power
to, say, a wheel attached to the shaft of the motor.
5. Battery
A 9V battery is required to supply the dc power to drive the Arduino Uno and other
components connected to the Arduino.
6. Software
Arduino IDE is used to develop the prototype of the software. Arduino IDE is
available at the official website of Arduino. This is open source. So any one can
develop anything according to their choices.
30. Fig 11. Arduino IDE interface
FUTURE SCOPE
1. Possible obstacles
Though this prototype is simple to build and highly reliable but there’re some
obstacles too. Rather than a train if an animal or other object is placed in front of
the IR sensor the alarm will and the gate will be closed which is not desirable at all.
Also other natural obstacles like fog may arise problems. There’re also a scope of
alerting the nearest railway station about arrival and departure of the train.
2. Possible solutions and future scopes
The problems indicated above can be overcome by adding some extra modules.
Like we left the GSM module for future scope. After adding this module, upon
arrival and departure of train, the GSM module will send an SMS to registered
31. phone number for acknowledgement and safety. Also adding a pair of pressure
sensorincreases the chance of fault triggering of gate as well as alarm. After adding
the pressure sensor, the Arduino closes the gate after receiving both signal from IR
sensor as well as pressure sensor.
Problems:
Working in this project, some problems have been faced by us .The problems are
given below:
First ofall, the value of resistances should be changed as the voltage changes
with the change of light .It is very difficult to vary the resistance for the
perfect operation.
Another problem is IR sensor easily damages so that the operation hampers.
IR sensoris light dependent sensor. It varies with the change of light so it is
not applicable for all environment.
IR sensor works at a certain distance .If the distance is increased the IR will
not work which is a drawback of this project.
Discussion:
This project helps us to know about the operations of IR sensor and Arduino Uno.
Though the project has some limitations for using in practical purpose, its concept
is very useful to us. This project can be improved by using LASER and LDR for
increasing the distance for real train .A buzzer can be added for safety .This project
can be developed in future using the conceptwhich will be preferable for practical
use.
CONCLUSION
32. Automatic gate control system offer an effective way to reduce the occurrence of
railway accidents. This system can contribute a lot of benefit either to the road users
or to the railway management. Since the design is completely automated it can be
used in remote villages where no station master or line man is present. Railway
sensors are placed at two sides of gate. It is used to sense the arrival and departure
ofthe train. This systemuses the DC motor to open and close the gates automatically
when it is rotated clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The LCD display shows the
speed of the train. The system can also generate buzzer while gate close. In this
system, this is controlled by using ATmega328p microcontroller. Now a day’s
automatic system occupies each and every sectorof applications as it is reliable and
accurate.
COST ANALISIS:
S.NO. COMPONENT QUANTITY PRICE (RS.)
1. Arduino Uno 1 450
2. IR Sensor Module 2 160
3. Motor Driver 1 55
4. DC Motor 1 50
5. 9V Battery 2 40
6. PCB 2 50
7. Connecting Wires Few 35
33. 8. LEDS 2 15
9. Battery Cap 2 10
10. Base Board 1 60
11. Total 20 925