The document discusses the complexities of thinking processes, emphasizing the role of language and symbols in problem solving and decision making. It explores various types of thinking, including algorithmic and heuristic, while addressing issues of cognitive capacity related to both verbal and sign languages. The document also outlines stages of creative thinking and the nuances of linguistic competence in shaping thoughts.

1. Think over…
Thinking
Dr. Hetal Shah
Dr. Dharmesh Bhadja

2. Thinking process
• Thinking over thinking
• Language and thinking
• Concepts
• Problem solving
– Algorithmic
– Heuristic
• Decision making
– Utility, subjective probability
– bias
– Weighing alternatives

4. …plz try…
• DON’T THINK…
• AS YOU READ THIS,
you are thinking
something…
• Even if you stop
thinking about what you
are reading, you are
thinking something
else…you are still
thinking.

5. What is thinking???
• Cognitively rearrangement or manipulation
of both information from environment and
the symbols stored in long term memory.
• Symbols…language, images…used in
thinking.

6. • Thinking is the way of information
processing that goes on during the period
between stimulus event and response to it.
• Before making the purchase…

7. Two types
• Autistic – very personal
– Dreams
• Directed

8. Thinking process
• Human – animal
• Animal
language limited & simple
• Human
abundant availability of language and complex
thinking

9. Now lets think
• Imagine you are sitting with a girl for candle light
dinner, in five stared hotel. You ordered two ice
creams of strawberry flavor. And the picture
goes on…and at last you come to know, you
have no money.
• Have you imagine about the shape of the cup of
ice cream?
• Have you imagine about the dress of her?
• Have you imagine about chairs/table on which
you both are sitting???

10. • We used to think with help of images…
– Incomplete
– Abstractions of certain features from past
experiences
– From long term memory

11. Thinking uses
language and symbols..
• Thinking involves use of word, symbols…
• Language as a tool of thought
• Extremist view…
• Language can actually determine the
thoughts we are capable of having.
• The linguistic relativity hypothesis

12. …Thinking…
extensively involves the language, symbols,
pictures…
Thinking is actually a kind of inner speech
“TALKING TO YOURSELF”

13. …Controlled study…
• What about the DEAF?
• Their cognitive and thinking capacity – N
• Their verbal language – minimal or no
• They use their own sign language
• So language is there, either verbal or
gestural.
• Conclusion - Humans have an innate
program for language

14. CONCEPTS
Important class of language
symbols used in thinking

15. Classification with generalization
• Concept of sex
• Concept of girl to select a boy in modern
times
• Concept of analogy
• Concept of drug proving

16. • Symbolic constructions that represents
some common & general features of many
objects or events
– Basic - sex
– Formation based on discrimination learning –
rewarded, reinforced…
– Definition - psychology

17. PROBLEM SOLVING
An important kind of thinking

18. Now what to do…?
• You are on bike. In middle of the journey, it got
punctured.
• What we should do for passing in the exam…?
• There are five people in hostel. And three of them
gone to palghar. How many remain…?
• Imagine you are sitting with a girl for candle light
dinner, in five stared hotel. You ordered two ice
creams of strawberry flavor. And the picture goes
on…and at last you come to know, you have no
money. Now what to do…?

19. • Algorithm – sure solution
• Heuristic – multiple possibilities
• Means-end-analysis
– Each step leads closer to desire goal

20. Habit and set - pattern

21. Decision making…
• Kind of problem solving in which we are
presented with several alternatives among
which we much choose.
• Imagine you are sitting with a girl for
candle light dinner, in five star hotel. You
ordered two ice creams of strawberry
flavor…and at last you come to know, you
have no money.
• Now what to do…?

22. After completion of BHMS
• ?
• ?
• ?
• ?
• Reasons for MD
• utility

23. • Utility – perceived benefit or psychological value
in making that decision
• Subjective probability
• 10$
• 100$
• SWOT analysis
• SMART
• An idea that has been formulated as a
mathematical model of the decision process, is
that people make decision that will maximize
subjectively expected utility.

24. BIAS
• Problem experience
• Use of specific heuristic
• Another problem
• Same heuristic…
• i.e. favorite remedy
• Rhus tox, bryonia - fever

25. Thinking process…
• Weighing alternatives
• Imagine you are sitting with a girl for
candle light dinner, in five stared hotel.
You ordered two ice creams of strawberry
flavor. And the picture goes on…and at
last you come to know, you have no
money. Now what to do…?

26. Creative thinking
New under the sun
Unconscious rearrangement

27. Creative thinking

28. insight
• New idea seem to come suddenly after
littele progress has been made over a long
period of time.

29. stages
• 1. preparation – formulation on facts
• 2. incubation – fade
• 3. illumination – aha
• 4. evaluation – apparent solution is tested
• 5. revision

30. nature
• Convergent – end result…already in
existence
• Divergent – follow the avoidances
– Autistic
• Exploring

31. Creative thinkers are...
• More independent in judgments
• More self-assertive and dominant
• Complex & imbalanced phenomena
• More psycho dynamically and greater
personal scope
• Reject suppression as a mechanist for
control of impulse

32. Language
linguistic competence
• Knowledge of the sounds or written elements of
language and the rules for combining these
basic elements in to larger units with meaning.
• Implicit knowledge of the rules for combining
words into meaning ful sentences – grammar, or
syntax
• Knowledge of the meaning of the words-
semantics
• Knowledge of of how to use language in such a
way as to have an intented impact on others –
pragmatics
• Knowledge of the rules for processing and
interpreting the speech of other people.