Power Theft Detection and moitoring system by using GSM Module.

1. CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION:
This project is to monitor any power drawn before the energy meter
which is treated as power pilferage. Once such power is detected it results in
disconnection of the power supply to the consumer and an SMS is sent to the control
station to take penal action on the fraud consumer. The proposed system makes use
of existing GSM architecture to control the Power Theft, Home appliances, reading
to the consumer automatically after the month completed and also the current status
to the consumer just by sending the code i-e $STATUS# to the control room.
Messaging is done through sms service which uses GSM architecture. The sms is
received by GSM modem which is interfaced to Arduino board. In accordance with
sms specific device will be turned ON or OFF through relay board.
3.1.0 PROJECT DIAGRAM:

2. 3.2.0 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
3.2.1 GSM Module (SIM900A)
ghkjg Figure 3.2 GSM Module (SIM900A)
GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in
1970. It is widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open
and digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services
operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.
GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the
data, then sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client data,

3. each in its own particular time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps
to 120 Mbps of data rates.
3.2.2 FEATURES:
 Dual band GSM/GPRS 900/1800MHz.
 Configurable baud rate.
 SIM card holder.
 Built in network status LED
 Inbuilt powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS
3.2.3 Specifications
Table 3.1 Specifications of GSM Module
3.2.4 Pin Specification
Table 3.2 Pin specifications of GSM module
Pin Name Details
1 GND Power supply ground
2 Rx Transmitter
3 Tx Receiver
4 Line_r and Line_1 Line input
5 Spk_p and spk_n Speaker positive and negative
Parameter VALUE
Operating voltage +12V DC
Weight <140 g

4. 6 Mic_p and mic_n Mic positive and negative
7 DTR Data terminal ready
8 CTS Clear to send
9 RTS Request to send
3.2.5 Description
Unlike mobile phones, a GSM modem doesn’t have a keypad and display to
interact with. It just accepts certain commands through a serial interface and
acknowledges for those. These commands are called as AT commands. There are a
list of AT commands to instruct the modem to perform its functions. Every command
starts with "AT". That’s why they are called as AT commands. AT stands for
attention.
In our simple project, the program waits for the mobile number to be entered
through the keyboard. When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program
instructs the modem to send the text message using a sequence of AT commands.
3.2.6 Applications
 Access control devices.
 Supply chain management

5. 3.3.0 ARDUINO ATMega328:
Figure 3.3 ARDUINO ATMega328
3.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO UNO ATMEGA328:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328 ."Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release
of Arduino 1.0. It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, A16 MHz
ceramic resonator, A USB connection, A power jack, An ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the
FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2Atmega8U2
up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

6. 3.3.2 WORKING OF ARDUINO UNO ATMEGA328:
The Arduino UNO can be powered via the USB connection or
with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the Power connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to
20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than
five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12
volts.
3.3.3 FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO ATMEGA328:
 Microcontroller: ATmeg328.
 Operating Voltage: 5V.
 Input Voltage: 7-12V.
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output).
 Analog Input Pins: 6.
 DC Current: 40 mA.
 DC Current: 50 mA.
 Flash Memory: 32 KB.
 SRAM: 2 KB.
 EEPROM: 1 KB.
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz.
3.3.4 APPLICATION OF ARDUINO UNO ATMEGA328:
 DIY project prototyping.
 Developing varied varieties of projects that require a code

7. based control.
 Automation System development.
 Learning AVR programming.
 Entry level circuit designing.
3.4.0 Interfacing of Arduino Mega 2560 to GSM module (SIM900A):
A GSM Module is basically a GSM Modem (like SIM 900)
connected to a PCB with different types of output taken from the board – say TTL
Output (for Arduino, 8051 and other microcontrollers) and RS232 Output to
interface directly with a PC (personal computer). The board will also have pins or
provisions to attach mic and speaker, to take out +5V or other values of power and
ground connections. These type of provisions vary with different modules. This is a
GSM module with TTL Output provisions. The GSM module require 5V supply
which is directly supplied through Arduino’s 5V out. Data can be feed from GSM
module directly to Arduino only if the module is enabled with TTL output pins.
Otherwise you have to convert the RS232 data to TTL using MAX232 IC and feed
it to Arduino.
3.4.1 Booting the GSM Module
 Insert the SIM card to GSM module and lock it.
 Connect the adapter to GSM module and turn it ON!

8.  Now wait for some time (say 1 minute) and see the blinking rate of ‘status
LED’or ‘network LED’ (GSM module will take some time to establish
connection with mobile network).
 Once the connection is established successfully, the status/network LED will
blink continuously every 3 seconds. You may try making a call to the mobile
number of the sim card inside GSM module. If you hear a ring back, the GSM
module has successfully established network connection.
3.4.2 Connecting GSM Module to Arduino
There are two ways of connecting GSM module to Arduino. In
any case, the communication between Arduino and GSM module is serial. So it is
supposed to use serial pins of Arduino (Rx and Tx). If we use this method, we
connect the Tx pin of GSM module to Rx pin of Arduino and Rx pin of GSM module
to Tx pin of Arduino. GSM Tx –> Arduino Rx and GSM Rx –> Arduino Tx. Now
connect the ground pin of Arduino to ground pin of GSM module. In this way 3
connections and the wiring is over! Now different programs can be loaded to
communicate with GSM module and make it work.
Note:- The problem with this connection is that, while programming Arduino uses
serial ports to load program from the Arduino IDE. If these pins are used in
wiring, the program will not be loaded successfully to Arduino. So you have to
disconnect wiring in Rx and Tx each time you burn the program to Arduino. Once

9. the program is loaded successfully, you can reconnect these pins and have the system
working.
An alternate method in which two digital pins of Arduino are used for serial
communication. We need to select two PWM enabled pins of Arduino for this
method choose pins 9 and 10 (which are PWM enabled pins). This method is made
possible with the Software Serial Library of Arduino. Software Serial is a library
of Arduino which enables serial data communication through other digital pins of
Arduino. The library replicates hardware functions and handles the task of serial
communication. Given below is the circuit diagram to connect GSM module to
Arduino and hence use the circuit to send SMS and receive SMS using Arduino and
GSM modem.
Figure 3.4 Interfacing of GSM module to Arduino

10. This interfacing has two objectives:
1) Send SMS using Arduino and GSM Module – to a specified mobile
number inside the program
2) Receive SMS using Arduino and GSM Module – to the SIM card
loaded in the GSM Module.
3.5.0 ARDUINO LCD SHIELD:
Figure 3.5 ARDUINO LCD Shield
The arduino LCD Keypad shield is developed for Arduino compatible boards, to
provide a user-friendly interface that allows users to go through the menu, make
selections etc. It consists of a 1602 white character blue backlight LCD. The keypad
consists of 5 keys — select, up, right, down and left. To save the digital IO pins, the
keypad interface uses only one ADC channel. The key value is read through a 5 stage
voltage divider.

11. 3.5.1 Pin Allocation
Table 3.3 Pins of ARDUINO LCD Shield
3.6.0 ACS712 Current Sensor:
The ACS712 Current Sensors offered on the internet are designed to
be easily used with micro controllers like the Arduino. These sensors are based on
the Allegro ACS712ELC chip. These current sensors are offered with full scale
values of 5A, 20A and 30A. The basic functional operation of each of these devices
is identical. The only difference is with the scale factor at the output as detailed
below.
3.6.1 Sensor Specifications
Table 3.3 ACS712 Current Sensor, 20A.
Pin Function
Analog 0 Button (select, up, right, down and left)
Digital 4 DB4
Digital 5 DB5
Digital 6 DB6
Digital 7 DB7
Digital 8 RS (Data or Signal Display Selection)
Digital 9 Enable
Digital 10 Backlit Control
Parameter 20A Module
Supply Voltage 5Vdc Nominal
Measurement Range -20 to +20 Amps

12. 3.6.2 ACS712 Module Pin Outs and Connections:
The picture below identifies the pin outs for the ACS172 Modules. Pay
attention to the polarity at the load end of the device. If you are connected as
illustrated below, the output will raise. If you connect it opposite of this picture, the
output will decrease from the 2.5 volt offset.
Figure 3.6 ACS712 Current Sensor
3.6.3 Functional Description:
As mentioned before, these modules are primarily designed for use with micro-
controllers like the Arduino. In those applications, the connections would be as
picture below:
Voltage at 0A VCC/2 (nominally 2.5Vdc)
Scale Factor 100 mV per Amp
Chip ACS712ELC-10A

13. Figure 3.7 Functional diagram of Current Sensors
If the light bulb shown in the picture above were disconnected, the output of the
ACS712 module would be 2.500 volts. Once connected, the output would be scaled
to the current drawn through the bulb. If this were a 5 Amp module and the light
bulb pulled 1 Amp, the output of the module would be 2.685 volts. Now imagine the
battery polarity reversed. Using the same 5A module, the output would be 2.315
volts. IMPORTANT NOTE – This device is a Hall Effect transducer. It should not
be used near significant magnetic fields.