This document summarizes a study on calculating the thermal conductivity of different materials and composite materials. The study aimed to determine the thermal conductivity of various materials and composites made from polyester resin with different fibers or additives. Specimens of materials like brass, aluminum alloys and stainless steel, as well as composite materials with fillers like titanium, egg shells, wood or feathers were tested. Thermal conductivity was found to increase with increasing power and decrease with smaller specimen diameters. The composites generally had lower thermal conductivity than pure materials, with egg shells and palm seed composites exhibiting the best insulating properties.

1. Calculation of thermal conductivity
of different materials and
composite materials
Supervised by
Dr. Sahar Abdul Fattah
Republic of Iraq
Ministry of higher education And scientific research
Al-mustansiriyah University
College of engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Done by mustafa alrawi 1

2. Aim of the work :
1. to find thermal conductivity of material and composite
material .
2. Make different specimens of composite samples are to
be distinguished based upon the following parameters:
• Polyester resin
• Different fibers
• Fiber volume fraction
• Effect of additive materials and particle size of additive
3. Different manufacturing methods
4. Use T.ccc equipment to measure thermal conductivity
for different material and using (tps 500 ) to measure
thermal conductivity for different composite material .
5. Make tank for a water flow to circulate through the
cooling system.
6. Study the effect of different power on thermal
conductivity in material .
Determination of thermal conductivity of different
material.
Study the effect of cross sectional area in material.
Determination of insulation thermal conductivity.
Done by mustafa alrawi 2

3. No. Material diameter
1 brass 25 mm,10mm
2 AL6061 T6 25 mm,10mm
3 AL ALLOY 25 mm,10mm
4 Stainless Steel 25 mm,10mm
COMPOSITE MATERIAL
5 Polyester PURE 25 mm
6 Polyester +Titanium (10%,20%) 25 mm
7 Polyester+ Peel eggs
Two type (300 µm) (10%,20%)
25 mm
8 Polyester + Wood grinded (10%,20%) 25 mm
9 Polyester + Feathering (random) (10%,20%) 25 mm
10 Polyester +Palm seed(600 µm) 25 mm
11 Polyester + Feathering(random)(10%,20%)
+(3% )Titanium
25mm
12 Polyester + fiber glass random (10%,20%) 25mm
13 Polyester+ (Peel eggs+ Palm seed) (10%,20%) 25mm
Done by mustafa alrawi 3
Specimens for this research:
In this section we show that Specimens used in the
research ,as shows in the following table

4. Chapter three
Experimental work
4
( General description of test rig) part 1:tccc
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5. 5
(TPS 500 test rig) part 2:
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6. 1. CUTTING TWO PIECES OF DIMENSIONS
(LENGTH , WIDTH , THICK) (11.8 ,55.28, 30),
(11.8, 55.28, 36.45) IN CM.
6
Work steps for casting mold specimens:
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7. 7
2-Work two holes to install two pieces
of both sides by screws.
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8. 8
3- A hole depth of (30mm) and (10mm) by drill
diameter. After the completion of the first drill hole
diameter is the second by drill and diameter
dimensions of (25mm) and (30mm) depth
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9. 9
Preparation additives and
fiber used in this research:
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1- Palm seed 2- egg shells
3- Wood grinded 4- Palm seed and egg
shells

11. The density of the composite materials "thermal
insulation" is found by measuring the weight and
volume of the component of composite materials
samples. The weight is found by using an electronic
portion scale (up to 2000g).
1- The thickness of each type of fiberglass was
found by using dial calipers. The dimension of
composite materials samples are (1 cm) thickness
and (2.5cm) diameter. The volume of each sample is
found using equation
V=
𝜋(𝑑)2
4
∗ 𝑡 ------------ (4-8)
Where:
V=volume of specimen (cm3)
d= diameter of specimen (cm)
t= thickness of specimen (cm)
Done by mustafa alrawi 11
DENSITY AND VOLUME FRACTION OF NATURAL
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

12. 2- To calculate the density of feathers are
weighed one gram of feathers and then
is placed in a graduated cylinder
containing water and measure its size
Done by mustafa alrawi 12

13. Vf % =
1
1+
1−Ѱ
Ѱ
∗
𝜌𝑚
𝜌𝑉
Where::Ѱ=
𝑤 𝑓
𝑤 𝑐
𝑤c= wf + wm
Vf % =volume fraction
𝜌m = density of matrix (
𝑔
𝑐𝑚3)
𝜌f = density of fiber (
𝑔
𝑐𝑚3)
𝑤f=weight of fiber (g)
𝑤c=weight of composite (g)
𝑤m =weight of matrix (g)
Fiber glass =1.35 (
𝑔
𝑐𝑚3)
Feathering =0.5 (
𝑔
𝑐𝑚3)
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VOLUME FRACTION

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Steps To Manufacturing Specimens
Of Composite Materials

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Cutting and grinding:

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Examination of the crystalline samples

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Photos of the samples Specimens of
materials composite materials (top view ):
brass
Al 6061 T6AL alloy
Stainless Steel

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20% 10%

21. Power (watt) Thermal conductivity
at(25mm)diameter
Thermal conductivity
at(10mm)diameter
30 128.72 W/(m·C◦) 375
24 122.23 W/(m·C◦) 295.24
18 112.8 W/(m·C◦) 284.69 W/(m· C◦)
12 97.78 W/(m·C◦) 261.17 W/(m· C◦)
6 97.8 W/(m·C◦) 157.5W/(m· C◦)
Thermal conductivity
avareg
111.85 W/(m·C◦) 274.7 W/(m· C◦)
Done by mustafa alrawi 21
Tabel show thermal conductivity of
Brass
Table (4-3) show thermal conductivity of
stainless steel
Power (watt)
Thermal conductivity
at(25mm)diameter
Thermal conductivity
at(10mm)diameter
30 80.55 W/(m· C◦) 206.47 W/(m· C◦)
24 74.77 W/(m· C◦) 197.78 W/(m· C◦)
18 73.74W/(m· C◦) 176.97 W/(m· C◦)
12 60.46 W/(m· C◦) 145.51 W/(m· C◦)
6 47.09 W/(m· C◦) 95.49 W/(m· C◦)
Thermal conductivity
average
67.322 W/(m· C◦) 164.44 W/(m· C◦)

22. Power (watt) Thermal conductivity
at(25mm)diameter
Thermal conductivity
at(10mm)diameter
30 122.2 W/(m· C◦) 272.83 W/(m· C◦)
24 115 W/(m· C◦) 235.17 W/(m· C◦)
18 112.82 W/(m· C◦) 191 W/(m· C◦)
12 108.6 W/(m· C◦) 138 W/(m C◦)
6 97.78 W/(m· C◦) 76.4 W/(m· C◦)
Thermal conductivity
avareg
111.3 W/(m· C◦) 182.9 W/(m· C◦)
Done by mustafa alrawi 22
3- Table show thermal conductivity of
aluminum 6061
Table show thermal conductivity of (al alloy)
Power (watt) Thermal conductivity
at(25mm)diameter
Thermal conductivity
at(10mm)diameter
30 143.8 W/(m· C◦) 261.62 W/(m· C◦)
24 139.69 W/(m· C◦) 258.002 W/(m· C◦)
18 133.3 W/(m· C◦) 247.89 W/(m· C◦)
12 128.66 W/(m· C◦) 213.79 W/(m C◦)
6 81.4 W/(m· C◦) 169.85 W/(m· C◦)
Thermal conductivity
average
125.39 W/(m· C◦) 230.23 W/(m· C◦)

23. No. composite Material 10% 20%
1 Polyester PURE 0.16
2 Polyester +Titanium 0.17 0.19
3 Polyester+ Peel eggs (300 µm) 0.14 0.13
4 Polyester +Wood grinded 0.118 0.105
5 Polyester + fiber glass 0.176 0.189
6 Polyester + Feathering (random) 0.12 0.109
7 Polyester+Palm seed(600 µm) 0.135 0.128
8 Polyester+ Feathering(random)+(3% )Titanium 0.131 0.161
9 Polyester+ (Peel eggs+ Palm seed) 0.11 0.09
Done by mustafa alrawi 23
The results of thermal conductivity of
composite materials for the various
specimens:

24.  Introduction:
 In this section the following results are
presented which including:
 the effect of temperature distribution along
the specimen for different materials such as
(AL, alloys—etc.).
 the effect of the across section area of the
specimen on the thermal conductivity .
 The effect of using different (composite
materials) and different volume fraction on
the thermal conductivity.
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Results and Discussion

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The effect of temperature distribution along
the specimen
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.1 0.2
Temperature
Distance
shows temp distribution along brass for different
power
power=30 watt
power=24 watt
power=18watt
power=12watt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Temperature(c)
Distance
shows temp distribution along Stainless Steel
at d=25 mm for different power
power=30 watt
power=24 watt
power=18watt
power=12watt
power=6watt

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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Temperature(C◦)
Distance (m)
shows temp distribution along (AL 6060 at d=25mm)
for different power
power=30 watt
power=24 watt
power=18watt
power=12watt
power=6watt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
temperature(C◦)
distance (m)
shows temp distribution along (al alloy at d=25 mm) for
different power
power=30 watt
power=24 watt
power=18watt
power=12watt
power=6watt

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Effect of cross section area of ​​the
thermal conductivity

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Composite material

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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
thermalconductivity
(w/m.k)
vf %
relationship between the volume fraction and thermal
conductivity in composite materials
Polyester +Titanium
Polyester+ Peel eggs
Polyester +Wood grinded
Polyester + fiber glass
Polyester + Feathering
Polyester+Palm seed
Polyester+ Feathering+(3%
)Titanium
Polyester+ (Peel eggs+ Palm
seed)

32.  Discussion
 See through figure [(5-2),(5-6),(5-8),(5-10),(5-12),(5-14)(5-
16)] that the value of thermal conductivity in metals increases
with increasing power and this he achieve the law Fourier
thermal conductivity value of direct proportion with the
power
 Q= K.A.T/x
 K ∞
𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅∗x
T∗A
 See through shapes [(5-17),(5-18),(5-19)(5-20)] that the value
of thermal conductivity in metals increases as specimen less
diameter and this it achieve the equation Fourier thermal
conductivity with the area proportional opposite
 K ∞
𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅∗x
T∗A

 In the composite material we see that the value of thermal
conductivity less than when the proportion of the additions to
the polyester as in figure (5-30), this composite material with
a larger insulation temperature, while we see that the(
titanium and fiber glass) thermal conductivity increases when
it increased the proportion of added, as in Figure.
 The samples which have a thermal conductivity is less that is
more than heat-isolation.
 See that (eggshells and palm seed) best insulation material,
followed by sawdust, followed by feathers...etc.
 As well as through Figure (5-30) we see that as the addition of
titanium to the feathers by (3%), we see that the increased
thermal conductivity of titanium feathers means that it has
improved thermal conductivity of this sample.
Done by mustafa alrawi 32
Discussion

33.  The conclusion can be summarized by the following point :
 For brass it can be seen the thermal conductivity increase with
increasing temperature.
 The thermal conductivity for all material increased with
decreasing the cross sectional area.
 When the power supplied increased then temperature
increased.
 The gap between the specimen and the last parts must be
decreased by using thermal gease such as zinc oxide to
minimize thermal contact that may cause heat loss.
 Pure materials have the highest thermal conductivities.
 Increasing volume fraction of natural fibers causes decreases
in thermal conductivity.
 Increasing temperatures hanging over specimen to study the
extent of increase in thermal conductivity
 The (egg shells and palm seed) gives minimum thermal
conductivity compare with other natural composite materials.
 The (egg shells and palm seed) and feather gives maximum
reduction in temperature comparing with other natural
composite materials.
 the less density of the sample became less thermal
conductivity and the reason is due to the increased air gaps
that hinder the thermal conductivity
 The air gap increases the temperature reduction.
 Finally, the natural composite materials can be used as
thermal insulation.
Done by mustafa alrawi 33
Conclusion &recommendation

34.  Recommendation
 Using a new specimen for
insulation material.
 Using other type of heater.
 The manufacture of the device
(lee disk method) to examine
samples of the new composite
materials Take advantage of the
defective material, which is
considered an environmental waste
in the manufacture of insulators
(such as bones, tree leaves and
wool, etc.
 Study the effect of bone in addition
to polyester by different volume
fraction on the thermal
conductivity.
Done by mustafa alrawi 34

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