Definition and Requirements
Types of Heat Exchangers
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis
Air refrigeration systems, Carnot refrigeration cycle, Brayton refrigeration or the Bell-Coleman air refrigeration cycle, Aircraft refrigeration system, Simple air cooling system, Simple air evaporative cooling system, Bootstrap air cooling, Bootstrap air evaporative air cooling, Regenerative air cooling, Reduced ambient air cooling, Comparison of different systems
Definition and Requirements
Types of Heat Exchangers
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis
Air refrigeration systems, Carnot refrigeration cycle, Brayton refrigeration or the Bell-Coleman air refrigeration cycle, Aircraft refrigeration system, Simple air cooling system, Simple air evaporative cooling system, Bootstrap air cooling, Bootstrap air evaporative air cooling, Regenerative air cooling, Reduced ambient air cooling, Comparison of different systems
This manual covers the basic guidelines and minimum requirements for
periodic inspection of heat exchangers used in petroleum refinery.
Locations to be inspected, inspection tools, frequency of inspection &
testing, locations prone to deterioration and causes, corrosion
mitigation, inspection and testing procedures have been specified in
the manual.
Documentation of observations & history of heat exchangers,
inspection checklist and recommended practices have also been
included.
Heat exchanging equipment is used for heating or cooling a fluid.
Individual heat transfer equipment is named as per its function.
Cooler
A cooler cools the process fluid, using water or air, with no change of
phase.
Chiller
A chiller uses a refrigerant to cool process fluid to a temperature below
that obtainable with water.
Condenser
A condenser condenses a vapour or mixture of vapours using water or
air.
Exchanger
An exchanger performs two functions in that it heats a cold process
fluid by recovering heat from a hot fluid, which it cools. None of the
transferred heat is lost.
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Parts of shell and tube heat exchanger
Shell
Shell Side Pass Partition Plate
Baffles
Tube
Tube Side Pass Partition Plate
Tie Rods
Spacers
Tube Sheet
Expansion Joint
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (or fins)tmuliya
This file contains slides on Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS). The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
Contents: Governing differential eqn – different boundary conditions – temp. distribution and heat transfer rate for: infinitely long fin, fin with insulated end, fin losing heat from its end, and fin with specified temperatures at its ends – performance of fins - ‘fin efficiency’ and ‘fin effectiveness’ – fins of non-uniform cross-section- thermal resistance and total surface efficiency of fins – estimation of error in temperature measurement - Problems
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
APPENDICES
A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
WATER CIRCULATION DUTY
FIGURES
3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER
3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(NO BUBBLES)
3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT)
8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1
8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION
8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION
8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This manual covers the basic guidelines and minimum requirements for
periodic inspection of heat exchangers used in petroleum refinery.
Locations to be inspected, inspection tools, frequency of inspection &
testing, locations prone to deterioration and causes, corrosion
mitigation, inspection and testing procedures have been specified in
the manual.
Documentation of observations & history of heat exchangers,
inspection checklist and recommended practices have also been
included.
Heat exchanging equipment is used for heating or cooling a fluid.
Individual heat transfer equipment is named as per its function.
Cooler
A cooler cools the process fluid, using water or air, with no change of
phase.
Chiller
A chiller uses a refrigerant to cool process fluid to a temperature below
that obtainable with water.
Condenser
A condenser condenses a vapour or mixture of vapours using water or
air.
Exchanger
An exchanger performs two functions in that it heats a cold process
fluid by recovering heat from a hot fluid, which it cools. None of the
transferred heat is lost.
Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers, and classify them.
Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat exchanger.
Perform a general energy analysis on heat exchangers.
Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using the effectiveness-NTU method.
Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat exchangers.
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Parts of shell and tube heat exchanger
Shell
Shell Side Pass Partition Plate
Baffles
Tube
Tube Side Pass Partition Plate
Tie Rods
Spacers
Tube Sheet
Expansion Joint
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (or fins)tmuliya
This file contains slides on Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS). The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
Contents: Governing differential eqn – different boundary conditions – temp. distribution and heat transfer rate for: infinitely long fin, fin with insulated end, fin losing heat from its end, and fin with specified temperatures at its ends – performance of fins - ‘fin efficiency’ and ‘fin effectiveness’ – fins of non-uniform cross-section- thermal resistance and total surface efficiency of fins – estimation of error in temperature measurement - Problems
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
APPENDICES
A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
WATER CIRCULATION DUTY
FIGURES
3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER
3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(NO BUBBLES)
3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT)
8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1
8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION
8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION
8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Research proposal: Thermoelectric cooling in electric vehicles KristopherKerames
This research proposal describes the theory behind thermoelectric cooling (TEC) in the context of electric vehicle thermal management systems, and describes the experimental setup and error analysis required to study TEC in that context.
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docxpicklesvalery
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
Last Rev. August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement.docxsmile790243
Last Rev.: August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement Page 2
ME 495—Thermo Fluids Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Temperature Measurement and First-
Order Dynamic Response
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARED BY: GROUP LEADER’S NAME
LAB PARTNERS: NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: TIME , DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
OBJECTIVE — The objectives of this laboratory are:
• To learn basic concepts and definitions associated with the
temperature and temperature measurements.
• To learn how to calibrate a Thermocouple and a Thermistor.
• To determine and compare the time constants of a
thermocouple and a thermometer.
• To determine how a thermocouple and a thermometer
responds to different inputs. You will also observe the
response of a thermocouple to an oscillatory input.
• To develop awareness for sources of error in temperature
measurements.
THEORY – In this lab, we will use first-order models to
approximate the response of a thermometer, thermocouple, and a
thermistor to temperature inputs, as these temperature sensors
measure temperatures in a different way.
A thermometer senses a change in temperature as a change in
the density of a fluid.
A thermocouple consists of two wires of different metals
joined at one end (the junction). When a voltage is applied
across the free ends of the two wires, the differing properties
of the wires create an induced voltage that it proportional to
the temperature change at the junction.
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is
dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.
The change in resistance is linear with respect to change in
temperature, thus making a thermistor an accurate
temperature measuring device.
EXPERIMENT PREPARATION - Get a thermometer, a K (or J)
type thermocouple, and a thermistor from the TA. Identify the
positive and negative terminals for the thermocouple.
• Verify that the thermocouple is functioning well. This can be
done by connecting the thermocouple to a DMM and ensuring that
the voltage changes when you hold the thermocouple weld
between your fingers.
• Be familiar with all of the instruments you will be using for this
experiment. Knowing your equipment well is essential.
• Prepare an ice bath. Most EMF (electromotive force) tables use
ice point (0C) as the reference temperature and this traditional
fixed point temperature is preferred for accurate and reliable
measurements. To prepare the ice bath:
o Crush or flake the ice (Ice is available in the white icebox
located on the measurement table).
o Fill the thermos (the blue with white lid) half with crushed-ice,
add water and stir it until the mixture becomes a slush without
having the ice float. [Recall: If the ice floats, the bottom
temperature could be higher than 0C –Anomalous expansion of
water.]
PROCEDURE - Part 1: Modify a VI for temperature measurements
In this lab, you will b ...
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Hmt lab manual (heat and mass transfer lab manual)
1.
2. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
2
Experiment 1: Fourier’s Law study for linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous bar
Objective:
To investigate Fourier's Law for the linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous bar
Procedures:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off. Then Insert a brass conductor (25mm
diameter) section intermediate section into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position and
connect the sensors leads.
4. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
5. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
6. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, x. Calculate the theoretical and actual
thermal conductivity.
Note:
i) When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to
match the shallow shoulders in the housings.
ii) Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the
longitudinal axis of the unit.
Results:
Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T4
(°C)
T5
(°C)
T6
(°C)
T7
(°C)
T8
(°C)
T9
(°C)
3. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
3
Experiment 2: Conduction of heat and overall heat transfer along a composite bar
Objective:
To study the conduction of heat along a composite bar and evaluate the overall heat
transfer coefficient
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off. Insert the stainless steel section or any
other metals (without sensor) into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
4. Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear
conduction module. Connect the left-hand sensor lead from the module to the place
marked T1 on the control panel. Repeat this procedure for the remaining five sensor
leads, connecting them from left to right on the module and in numeral order on the
control panel.
5. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
6. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
7. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, x. Calculate the Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient, U based on the knowledge of kbrass and kstainless steel and distances x1, x2
and x3.
Note:
When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to match
the surface.
Results:
Test Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T7
(°C)
T8
(°C)
T9
(°C)
A
B
C
D
4. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
4
Experiment 3: The effect of a change in cross-sectional area on the temperature profile
along a thermal conductor
Objective:
To investigate the effect of a change in the cross-sectional area on the temperature profile
along a thermal conductor.
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off. Insert a brass or any other metals
conductor (13mm diameter) section into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
4. Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear
conduction module. Connect the left-hand sensor lead from the module to the place
marked TT1 on the control panel. Repeat this procedure for the remaining five
sensor leads, connecting them from left to right on the module and in numeral order
on the control panel.
5. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be
illuminated.
6. Turn the heater power control to 20 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 20 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
7. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, x. Comment on the trend and slope of the
graph.
Note:
When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to provide
a good surface contact.
Results:
Test Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T7
(°C)
T8
(°C)
T9
(°C)
A
B
C
D
5. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
5
Experiment 4: The temperature profile and rate of heat transfer for radial conduction
through the wall of cylinder
Objective:
To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from
radial conduction through the wall of a cylinder
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off.
2. Connect one of the water tubes to the water supply and the other to drain.
3. Connect the heater supply lead for the radial conduction module into the power supply
socket on the control panel.
4. Connect the six sensor (T1, 2, 3 & 4, 5, 6) leads to the radial module, with the T1
connected to the innermost plug on the radial. Connect the remaining five sensor
leads to the radial module correspondingly, ending with T6 sensor lead at the edge of
the radial module.
5. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
6. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
7. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
8. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
9. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, r. Calculate the amount of heat transferred.
Results:
Test Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T4
(°C)
T5
(°C)
T6
(°C)
A
B
C
D
6. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
6
Experiment 5: To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of non-metallic materials
like glass, wood, plastic etc. And compare it with the theoretical value.
Objective:
To measure the thermal conductivity of the samples, we’ll use the apparatus of Thermal
Conductivity of Building Materials apparatus.
Procedure:
1. Connect the apparatus unit with the Indicator Service Unit with the each connector to the desire
point mentioned on the back of the indicator box.
2. Connect the cold plate water supply connection to the lab cold water hose bib and adjust the flow
to maintain a limited flow through the unit. Direct the discharge hose to the lab’s drain.
3. Measure the thickness of each sample at several locations prior to inserting them into the
apparatus. This will allow you to determine the average thickness of the sample.
4. Insert the sample into the apparatus and position it for testing.
5. Note the temperature of the cooling water being supplied to the cold plate by the shop water. Set
the PID controller to maintain the hot plate at 15°C to 20°C above this temperature.
6. Monitor the TC and heat flux meter readings for stability. When these readings reach steady-
state, record the information to use in your calculations.
7. Repeat these procedures for each of the samples.
8. The heat flux sensor is used to display he thermal conductivity directly on the display.
Test
Heat Input Q Temperature Measurement
Volt Amp Watt T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Tw-i
Inlet of
water
Tw-o
Outlet of
water
A
B
C
D
Temperature indicator for the hot plate.
T1, T2, and T3 (Temperature Hot Plate) Th=(T1+T2+T3)/3
Temperature indicator for the cold plate.
T4, T5, and T6 (Temperature cold Plate) Tc=(T4+T5+T6)/3
7. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
7
Experiment 6: To determine the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases.
Objective:
To measure the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases.
Procedure:
1 Use air as the sample of the experiment.
2 Make sure there is cooling water supply to the water jacket and it is 5-10 LPM.
3 Turn on the main switch and the heater switch.
4 Record the power and temperature readings T1,T2. When all readings stabilized for about 10
minutes.
5 Calculate the thermal conductivity of air by applying Fourier’s Equation. Use the incidental heat
loss correction value for accurate thermal conductivity determination.
6 Repeat the experiment by substituting the air with aceton with the heating power of 175 watt.
Sample
Power
supply to
heater
Q(W)
T1
(oC)
T2
(oC)
∆T
(oC)
Qgen
(W)
Qc
(W)
Qlost
(W)
K
(W/mk)
Error
(%)
Air
water
Outer radius of the inner cylinder, R (m) 0.01665
Inner radius of the outer cylinder, L (m) 0.01695
Length of the cylinder, L (m) 0.10
Theoretical thermal conductivity, k of air 0.026
Theoretical thermal conductivity, k of water 0.16
8. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
8
Experiment 7: To determine the relationship between power input and surface temperature
in free convection.
Objectives: To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface
temperature in free convection.
Procedures:
1. Remove the fan assembly from the top of the duct.
2. Place the finned heat exchanger into the test duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 20 Watts (clockwise).
4. Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions before noting the heated plate
temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA) into the table below.
5. Repeat this procedure at 40, 60 and 80 Watts.
6. Plot a graph of power against temperature (tH-tA).
Input Power
Watts
Plate Temp (tH)
C
Ambient Temp (tA)
°C
tH – tA
C
20
40
60
80
9. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
9
Experiment 8: To determine the relationship between power input and surface temperature in
forced convection.
Objectives: To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface
temperature in forced convection.
Procedures:
1. Place the fan assembly on to the top of the duct.
2. Place the finned heat exchanger into the duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 50 Watts (clockwise). Allow sufficient time to achieve
steady state conditions before noting the heated plate temperature (tH) and the
ambient temperature (tA).
4. Set the fan speed control to give a reading of 0.5m/s on the thermal anemometer,
allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions. Record heated plate
temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA).
5. Repeat this procedure by setting the fan speed control to give 1.0m/s and 1.5m/s.
6. Plot a graph of air velocity against temperature. ( tH –tA)
Power input = 50 Watts
Air Velocity
m/s
Plate Temp (tH)
C
Ambient Temp (tA)
°C
tH – tA
C
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
10. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
10
Experiment 9: To determine the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer from the surface.
Objectives: To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer from
the surface.
Procedures:
1. Place the fan assembly on to the top of the duct.
2. Place the flat plate heat exchanger into the duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 75 Watts. Allow the temperature to rise to 800C, and
then adjust the heater power control to 15 Watts until a steady reading is obtained.
4. Set the fan speed control to give 1m/s using the thermal anemometer. Record heated
plate temperature (tH) and the ambient temperature (tA).
5. Repeat this procedure at 2 and 2.5m/s for the flat plate. Repeat the experiment by
replacing the flat plate with the finned plate and pinned plate.
6. Plot graphs of velocity against temperature (tH - tA) for each of the plates.
11. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
11
Input power = 15 Watts
Velocity
m/s
Plate Temp (tH)
C
Ambient Temp (tA)
°C
tH - tA
C
0
1
2
2.5
Note: Comment on the correlation between total surface area of the heat exchanger and
the temperature achieved.
Further Experiments: Increase power input and repeat experiments
12. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
12
Experiment 10: INVERSE SQUARE LAW FOR HEAT
Objective:
To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance of the surface from the radiation source
Procedure:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in this section.
2. Connect one of the thermocouple of the target plates BLACK to the panel and place
the plate on the bench, to record ambient temperature.
3. Position the radiometer on the test track at 800mm from the heat source.
4. Set heater temperature to 150°
C by using heater controller. Monitor TH reading on the
indicator.
5. When TH value has stabilized, record BLACK, TH, the distance, x and the radiometer
reading, R.
6. Next, move the radiometer position to 700mm from the heated surface and monitor the
reading on the display panel. When the value has stabilized, record BLACK, TH, the
distance, x and the radiometer reading, R.
7. Repeat the above procedure by reducing the distance by 100mm until the radiometer
is 300mm from the heated surface.
Observations:
Distance,
x(mm)
Radiometer
Reading,
R(W/m2)
BLACK
(°
C)
TH (°
C)
800
700
600
500
150
300
Assignment:
Plot the Log of the corrected radiometer reading R versus Log10 x graph and calculate the
slope. Compare the result with the theoretical value.
13. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
13
Experiment 11: STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
Objective:
To show that the intensity of radiation varies as the fourth power the source temperature.
Procedure:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in this section.
2. Connect one of the thermocouple of the target plates BLACK to the panel and place
the plate on the bench, to record ambient temperature.
3. Position the radiometer on the test track at 800mm from the heat source.
4. Set the heater temperature to 150°
C by heater controller. Monitor TH reading on the
panel.
5. When TH value has stabilized, move the radiometer to 300mm from the heated plate.
The reading of the radiometer should start to rise. When the value has stabilized,
record BLACK, TH, the distance, x and the radiometer reading, R.
6. Next, move the radiometer to 800mm from the heated plate again.
7. Repeat the above procedure with an increment of 50°C from 250°C to 150°C.
Observations:
Heater
Temperature
(°
C)
Distance,
x(mm)
Radiometer
Reading,
R(W/m2)
BLACK
(°
C)
TH (°
C)
150 300
125 300
100 300
75 300
Assignment:
Calculate the relationship between the Stefan Boltzmann Law and the corrected radiation
reading (Rc), given as a factor of F.
14. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
14
Experiment 12: Co-Current and counter current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger.
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters
the tubes in the same direction. Students shall study the heat exchanger under different
flow rate and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and
cold water streams at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters
the tubes in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow
rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and
cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 5.1.
2. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
3. Switch the valve position to Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger.
4. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
5. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and
cold water streams, respectively.
6. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
7. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4 and differential pressure across the tube and
shell.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 with different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the
results sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
4. Calculate the pressure drop and compare with the experimental result
5. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.
15. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
15
Experiment 13: Co-Current and counter current Concentric Heat Exchanger
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters the
tubes in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and
record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams
at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters the tubes
in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and record
accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams at
steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 5.1.
2. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
3. Switch the valve position to Concentric Heat Exchanger.
4. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
5. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold
water streams, respectively.
6. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
7. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4 and differential pressure across the tube and shell.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 with different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer
16. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
16
Experiment 14: Co-Current and counter current Plate Heat Exchanger
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters the heat exchanger in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water
flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold
water streams at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and
record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams
at steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 4.1.
2. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
3. Switch the valve position to Plate Heat Exchanger.
4. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
5. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold
water streams, respectively.
6. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
7. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 and differential pressure.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
4. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.
17. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
17
Experiment 15: Co-Current and counter current coil Heat Exchanger
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters the heat exchanger in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water
flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold
water streams at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and
record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams
at steady state.
Procedure:
11. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 4.1.
12. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
13. Switch the valve position to Plate Heat Exchanger.
14. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
15. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold
water streams, respectively.
16. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
17. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 and differential pressure.
18. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
19. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
20. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
5. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
6. Calculate the LMTD.
7. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
18. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
18
8. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.
THE END