The presentation is about typology

1. 4. DIVISION OF LINGUISTIC
TYPOLOGY WITH RESPECT TO THE
OBJECT OF INVESTIGATION

2. THE LIST OF RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:
1. АмироваТ. А., Ольховиков Б. А., Рождественский Ю. В.
Очерки по истории лингвистики. Москва, 1975 .
2. Аракин В. Д. Сравнительная типология английского и
тюркского языков. Ленинград, 1979.
3. Буранов Д.'Ж. Сравнительная типология английского и
русского языков. Москва, 1983.
4. Буронов Д. Ж. Ингилиз ва узбек тиллари киёсий
грамматикаси Гошкент, 1973.
5. Городецкий Б. Ю. К проблеме семантической
типологии. Москва, 1969.

3. PLAN
 1. Genetic typology.
 2. Areal typology.
 3. Comparative typology.
 4. Structural typology: a) linguistic
universals; b) etalon language; c)
typological classification; d) typological
theory.

4. KEY WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LECTURE 4
 1. Genetic typology
 2. Areal typology
 3. Comparative typology
 4. Structural typology
 5. Etalon language
 6. Typological theory
 7. System closeness
 8. Genetic closeness
 9. Areal non-limitation
 10. Deep identity
 11. Surface identity
12. Etic-emic identity
13. Indifference system closeness
14. Indifference genetic
closeness
15. Cros-level approach
16. Content approach
17. Linguistic universals
18. Universal semantic and
logical categories
19. Porr-Royal grammar
20. Language universals

5.  According to the subject of comparison linguistic typology consists of the following
types:
 Genetic typology deals with the languages which are genetically related both
synchronically and diachronically. As an independent branch of linguistic typology it is
characterized by the following features:
 Difference to system closeness. It means that language under comparison should
belong to the same structural type.
 Difference to the genetic closeness. It means that only genetically related languages
can be compared.
 Areal non-limitation of languages.
 Quantitatively languages are limited by a certain genetic group of a family of
languages.
 For genetically closely related languages both deep and surface identity and also etic-
emic identity are characteristic.
 While etic-emic identity is possible but not obligatory content approach is not used.
The traditional approach from form to meaning is basically used in the case.
 The etalon language is limited by certain category of linguistic phenomenon.
Typological operation is completed in case when all the languages belong to the same
genetic group or family.

6.  Genetic typology may be of two types: 1) genetic diachronic; 2)
genetic synchronic.
 Diachronic approach deals with the comparison of genetically related
languages in the course of time or in their development. For example,
it can compare the development of morphological categories of the
noun in English and in German starting with the ancient period up to
nowadays.
 Genetic synchronic typology deals with the comparison of genetically
related languages within a certain synchronic period.
 Genetic typology started in the 20th century when the historical-
comparative linguistics appeared and developed. We can mention
such scholars as brothers Grimm, A.Schleicher, R.Rask, Frans Bopp.
They dealt with the reconstruction of languages and discovered laws
and regularities for many Indo-European languages.

7. Areal typology. This branch of linguistic typology deals with
geographically limited number of languages. As a branch of linguistic
typology it is characterized by:
 1. Indifference to system closeness.
 2. Indifference to genetic closeness.
 3. Identity of etic units: possibility of identity of emic units.
 4. Possibility of deep surface identity.
 5. One level approach to comparison.
 6. The limitation of etalon language by certain linguistic phenomenon,
which is common to compared languages.
 To the basic tasks of areal typology we can refer study of dialects,
compiling dialectal dictionaries, maps, study degree of certain linguistic
phenomenon, borrowings, neologisms, archaisms and so on.

8. Comparative typology. This branch of linguistic
typology is characterized by:
Indifference to system closeness.
Indifference to the genetic closeness.
Areal non-limitation of languages
Possibility of deep and surface identity
Indifference to etic-emic identity
Minimal etalon language
Cross level approach to comparison
Content approach to comparison
Possibility of perfectness of typological operations.

9.  Thus comparative typology is one of the
independent branches of linguistic
typology. It deals with limited number of
languages and also defines typological
likeness and unlikeness of languages
belonging to different genetic groups.

10. Structural typology is one of the basic branches of
linguistic typology, which deals with systematization and
summarizing some general linguistic facts and establishing
language universals. Structural typology operates with
genetically, structurally and really non-limited languages and
it`s characterized by the open list of languages.
Structural typology consists of the following branches:
 1. Linguistic universals
 2. Etalon Language
 3. Typologycal classification
 4. Typological theory

11. Linguistic universals. Under this term scholars understand
certain phenomenon or regularity, which is common to all languages
of the word or to their absolute majority.
 Linguistic universals are known long ago. In the ancient Greek
grammars the grammatical system of this language was suggested
as a model of categorization for all languages. That's why
grammatical categories of case and gender became the main
grammatical universal for all languages.
 In the 17th century, French scholars Arnold and Lanslo wrote their
Universal or Rational Grammar concerning many Germanic
languages. They compared phonetic, grammatical and logical
categories, which lay under the structures of different languages.
Porr-Royal Grammar is useful, because it was the first work
concerning language universals.

12.  The real language universals were produced in 1961 in the
World Congress of linguists by the group of American
scholars John Greenberg, Jenkins and Charles Osgurd.
 The problem of universals is connected with the process of
unification of language facts and with elaboration of specific
methods of discovering linguistic universals. Some scholars
think that creation of full list of linguistic universals is the
main task of linguistic typology. They may be of different
types: synchronic and diachronic, absolute and statistic
(полные, неполные), deductive-inductive, simple and
complex, universals of languages and of speech. They may
be also attached to levels of language hierarchy.

13. Universals can be represented in the traditional way with the
help of words or with special symbols. For example:
 1. If languages possess prepositions, they possess prefixes
either. If they don't have prepositions, they lack prefixes. For
example, the English and Russian languages have prepositions
and they have prefixes either. Uzbek and other Turkic
languages don't have prefixes, but these languages have
postpositions.
 2. If languages possess dual number, they possess plural
number either. For example, in old English pronouns had
singular, plural and dual numbers, but in modern English there
exist only: singular and plural. Dual number existed in Sanskrit,
Greek and ancient Russian.

14. Etalon language. It is a linguistic means with the help
of which scholar fulfil the process of comparing of
languages. The notion of etalon language is quite new and
the full theoretical basis has not developed yet. It is still used
for comparative purpose, which was known long ago.
 For practical purpose etalon language can be divided into
maximal and minimal.
Maximal etalon language is the whole language with the
highly developed structure, which is used for the purpose of
comparison. For example, the Latin language was used as
etalon for compiling many European grammars.

15. Minimal etalon language can be expressed by:
1. A special abstract system made for comparison;
2. Some artificial language made for comparison;
3. Special linguistic methods;
4. Grammatical, lexical and other linguistic
categories;
5.Typological categories;
6. Concrete language;
7. Semantic fields;
8. Different features concerning the phonetic and
grammatical pecularities.

16. Typological classification. There are two types of classification of
languages in linguistics: Genealogical, which studies etic units: concrete
sounds, words, syntactic units and so on. According to this classification
languages are grouped into the families, such as Indo-European, Semitic, Altaic
and so on. Typological classification is introduced by several linguists who
treated languages not according to their genetic backgrounds, thes are W.
Humboldt, E. Sapir, F. Fortunatov. Accordiyg to the opinion of these linguists
languages are classified in to 5 types:
 1. Isolated
 2. Agglutinated
 3. Inflected
 4. Polysynthetic
 5. Agglutinated – inflected
 The main criterion for this type of classification is the means of expression of
synthetic relations amond words in the sentence. According to their relations
they may use different means, for example, inflections, functions words
intonation word order, saund interchange, stress and so on.

17.  Isolated type of languages is characterized by the absence of
inflections and affixational morphemes expressing the relationship among
the words in the sentence. This type includes ancient Chinese and other
languages. It is characterized by the following features:
 a) words are unchangeable
 b) word formation is less developed
 c) the main signal of grammar is word order
 d) intonation may form new words and grammatical means
 e) words are not distributed into parts of speech
 While speaking about isolating type of languages we mean that the root
of the word expresses the lexical and grammatical meanings. They have
no grammatical suffixes, word order expresses syntactic relations among
the words in the sentence.

18.  Agglutinated type of languages is characterized by the following
features:
 a) suffixes are monosemantic
 b) modifying word is used before the noun
 c) the root of the word doesn't change
 d) phonetic changes have their own place in the word formation and word
changing
 e) suffixes are added to the stem without fusion, that is mechanically
Every suffix in Uzbek has its own grammatical meaning:
 Китоб+лар+и+м+из+ни+нг.
 Main grammatical signals, which characterize the structure of these types
of languages are: agglutination. These languages are widely spread, for
example, Turkic //, Mongolian //, Hungarian...(фино-угорские).

19. Inflected type is characterized by the following features:
 a) Inflection is used as the main grammatical signal
 b) Every affixational morpheme can be used in different functions
 c) The end of the stem may undergo changes when they are declining or
conjugating
 d) The word order is spread differently: 1) it isn't mainly fixed; 2) it is
fixed, for example, the English language has a fixed word order.
 The Latin language belongs to the inflected type, but the word order is
free, because the words have a highly developed system of paradigm.
The same feature is typical to the Russian language. In the inflicted type
of languages one suffix may express different grammatical categories, for
example, Latin frango - я понимаю, where "о" expresses tense (present),
number (singular), person (I), voice (active), mood (indicative).

20. Polysynthetic or incorporated type of languages are
characterized by the following features:
a) the word and the sentence coincide
b) the word and affix coincide
c) parts of speech are not differentiated.
 For example, in Chucotic language
«вымынгынторген» expresses «я вынимаю руку». It
may be used as a word and as a sentence.
 There are some languages which are included to this
type. For example, the so called languages of American
Indians.

21.  There exist some other classifications. The American linguist E.Sapir
classified system on the base of two units: analytism and synthetism.
All the languages may be described according to these two positions.
The Russian linguist G.P.Melnikov classified languages on the base
of his determinant classification. Besides, there exist the so called
quantitative classification of the American linguist J.Greenberg. This
classification resumes presence or absence of the statistical
frequency of the isolating, agglutinational and flexional units. From
this viewpoint Modern English is analytical type and at the same time
is possesses some agglutinational features. It is because of Saxonic
['s], for example, the professor of the Oxford University's Lectures;
ака, ука, она, ота, опа, сингил, дуст, ёр биродарларга салом.

22.  Typological theory. Typological operations are accomplished
by typological theory which is connected with establishing different
Etalon languages of linguistic investigations. It is also connected with
description of different languages universals which may be
described in different ways.
 Typologycal theory is not completed. Every typologist may
establish and suggest his own method. For example, German
linguist Shlyager, Gumboldt, Bonn and others established typological
theory for morphological classification of languages; Bondarko A.V
and others established functional-semantic categories. O.Jesperson
and I.I.Musaninov - notional categories, Gulyaga and shendels -
lexicogrammatical fields, Buranov - typological categories. All these
theories are connected with typological theories.

23. SELF-CONTROL QUESTIONS:
 1. What are the main types of typologies due to the' mentioned Criteria?
 2. Characteristic features of genetic typology: genetic, diachronic and genetic
synchronic typologies.
 3. What languages does area) typology study? Speak about the main specific
features.
 4. What are the main criteria, which characterize comparative typology?
 5. Structural typology as one of the basic branches of linguistic typology.
 6. What does the term "linguistic universals" mean? Speak about its historic
development.
 7. How do you understand the term "etalon language"?
 8. What kinds of classification of languages do you know?
 9. Characteristic features of typological classification. Speak about each type of
languages.
 10. How do you understand the term "typological theory"?