Theory of operations - Mature Packet Switching Protocols
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This document discusses the theory of operations for packet switching networks. It describes traffic characteristics such as bursty traffic that is delay-insensitive and asymmetrical, making it well-suited for packet switching. The document then explains the basic operation of X.25 packet switching, where data is divided into packets and routed through a network of nodes before being reassembled. Each node acts as a data circuit-terminating equipment and routes packets based on its routing table while performing error checking and retransmission.
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Transport protocols establish reliable communication between machines on a network. They provide services like error control, flow control, and multiplexing. The main transport protocols are TCP and UDP. TCP is connection-oriented and provides reliable, ordered delivery. UDP is connectionless and faster but unreliable. Both protocols use port numbers to identify sending and receiving processes and segment packet headers with fields like source/destination port and sequence numbers. DNS is an application layer protocol that maps domain names to IP addresses, enabling human-friendly web addresses. It uses a hierarchical system of root, TLD, and authoritative name servers to resolve names.
Packet Switching and X.25 Protocol
Packet switching involves dividing data into packets that are transmitted through a network independently and reassembled at the destination. The X.25 protocol, developed in the 1960s, was one of the first standards used for packet switching networks. It establishes virtual circuits between nodes to transmit packets reliably while providing billing based on connection time. While widely used historically, X.25 has limitations for modern high-speed networks due to its overhead and lower transmission speeds compared to newer protocols like ATM and Frame Relay.
Valiant Load Balancing and Traffic Oblivious Routing
Internet Research Lab at NTU, Taiwan.
A survey of Valiant Load Balancing adopted in data center networks Virtual Layer 2 (VL2).
Advanced networking - scheduling and QoS part 1
This document discusses scheduling and quality of service (QoS) in advanced telecommunication networks. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences:
It describes different scheduling techniques like FIFO, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing that can provide class-based differentiation for real-time and non-real-time traffic. Buffer management techniques like head of line blocking, partial buffer sharing, and push out buffer are discussed. The document also covers QoS standards from the IETF like RSVP for signaling, integrated services for per-flow reservations, and differentiated services for class-based forwarding behaviors.
Congection control and Internet working
This document discusses congestion control and internetworking at the network layer. It begins by defining congestion and the factors that can cause it. It then covers general principles of congestion control such as increasing resources or decreasing traffic. The document discusses congestion control techniques for virtual circuit and datagram subnets, including admission control and choke packets. It also covers internetworking concepts like concatenated virtual circuits, connectionless internetworking, tunneling, and fragmentation.
Similar to Theory of operations - Mature Packet Switching Protocols (20)
Protocol and Interfaces - IPv4, IPv6, X.25 Protocol, X.75 Protocol
Protocol and Interfaces - IPv4, IPv6, X.25 Protocol, X.75 Protocol
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The document outlines the steps for implementing an ERP system, including identifying problems, defining the scope and team, customizing the system, managing change, and testing before going live. It also lists the life cycle steps of selecting a package, planning the project, analyzing gaps, re-engineering processes, providing training, testing, applying the system, and ongoing maintenance.
Electronic customer relationship management (e crm)
Electronic customer relationship management (E-CRM) uses internet technologies like email, websites and chatrooms to achieve customer relationship management goals. It automates marketing, sales and customer service processes through collecting customer data. E-CRM provides benefits like improved customer service, productivity and satisfaction by allowing personalized interactions and insights through a consolidated customer database. However, it also faces disadvantages such as security issues and over-reliance on systems reducing human interactions.
Data warehouse and data mining
A data warehouse is a database that collects and manages data from various sources to provide business insights. It contains consolidated historical data kept separately from operational databases. A data warehouse helps executives analyze data to make strategic decisions. Data mining extracts valuable patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data through techniques like classification, clustering, and neural networks. It is used along with data warehouses for applications like churn analysis, fraud detection, and market segmentation.
Concepts of erp
An ERP system is an enterprise-wide software that coordinates resources, activities, and information needed to complete business processes. It has modules for human resources, supply chain management, customer relationship management, finance, and manufacturing. ERP architecture is organized into three layers - the data tier focuses on data structure, the business tier includes business logic and user interaction, and the presentation tier is the user interface. ERP systems can use two-tier, three-tier client/server, web-based, or oriented architectures. The logical architecture separates components while the physical focuses on efficiency. ERP features include separation of code and data and modules for business functions, sales, production, materials, finance, and personnel.
Understanding major functional systems
The document discusses several major functional systems of organizations, including marketing and sales, finance and accounting, manufacturing/production/inventory, and human resources. It provides details on the components and functions of marketing information systems, such as types of marketing information and the marketing information system model. It also describes the roles and sub-systems of other functional areas like finance and accounting, manufacturing, and human resources.
Supply chain management (scm)
Supply chain management involves the management of the flow of goods and services from raw materials to final products being delivered to customers. It provides advantages like efficiency, reduced costs and inventory, just-in-time delivery, and increased revenue. The components of an e-supply chain management system include planning, information, sourcing, inventory, production, location, transportation, and return of goods. The architecture of an e-supply chain involves internal operations, inter-organizational operations through shared visions and process modeling, and inter-organizational technologies like integration and networking. Trends in supply chain management include warehouse robotics, autonomous transportation, blurred lines with technology services, and an emphasis on social responsibility.
Knowledge process outsourcing
Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) involves outsourcing knowledge-based activities like research, analytics and business processes to countries like India. KPO is a subset of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) that also includes other types of outsourcing like Creative, Legal, Recruitment, Human Resources, IT, and Medical outsourcing. A study by NASSCOM projects growth in KPO opportunities in areas like IT, web services, legal and finance processes through both traditional outsourcing and cloud computing models.
Erp softwares
The document discusses several major ERP software systems - SAP ERP, Oracle Apps, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, and PeopleSoft. It provides overview information on each software, describing what they are used for and some of their key modules. The major ERP software systems are designed to integrate various business operations like finance, supply chain management, human resources, and customer relationship management.
Introduction to database
DBMS stands for Database Management System. A DBMS allows for the storage and management of data in an organized manner. It uses tables to store data with rows and columns, where each row represents a record or tuple of data. Entities, attributes, keys, and relationships help define the structure and integrity of data within the database. The three schema architecture separates the physical storage, logical design, and external user views to provide data independence and abstraction between different levels.
Deep Learning - RNN and CNN
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are two common types of deep neural networks. RNNs include feedback connections so they can learn from sequence data like text, while CNNs are useful for visual data due to their translation invariance from pooling and convolutional layers. The document provides examples of applying RNNs and CNNs to tasks like sentiment analysis, image classification, and machine translation. It also discusses common CNN architecture components like convolutional layers, activation functions like ReLU, pooling layers, and fully connected layers.
Integrated services - IntServ
The document discusses the Integrated Services model which reserves resources like bandwidth and buffers for data flows to ensure requested quality of service (QoS). It requires packet classifiers, schedulers, admission control using the Resource Reservation Protocol, and flow descriptors. The model provides two services: Guaranteed Services which gives a firm delay bound using token bucket algorithms; and Controlled Load Services which tolerates delay but prevents overload for adaptive applications.
WAN Technology - ATM
This document provides an overview of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) technology. It discusses the basic concepts of circuit switching, packet switching, and virtual circuit approaches. It then describes ATM including that it is connection-oriented, uses fixed size 53 byte cells, and operates at speeds of 155Mbps or 622Mbps. It outlines the ATM layers including the physical layer, ATM layer, ATM adaptation layer, and upper layers. It also discusses AAL types and the advantages of ATM in supporting different traffic types and efficient bandwidth usage.
Data Communication and Optical Network
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy, Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
WAN Technology : ATM - Forouzan
Introducing ATM Technology, Need and Benefit, Concept, Faces of ATM, Why ATM, BISDN Reference Model, ATM Layer, ATM Adaptation Layer, ATM Signaling
Data Communications and Optical Network - Forouzan
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy
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Integrated services and RSVP - Protocol
- MPLS can be used to create virtual private networks (VPNs) that provide wide-area connectivity between sites of a large organization through dedicated label switched paths. This gives the appearance of a dedicated network while transmitting through a public or shared MPLS network.
- The integrated services model was developed by IETF to provide different levels of quality of service in the Internet. It uses resource reservation, packet classification, and scheduling to ensure applications receive their requested QoS.
- The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is used by the integrated services model to signal resource requirements and set up flows with a requested QoS across a network. RSVP uses soft state and receiver-initiated reservations.
Differentiated services - Advance Routing
This document discusses RSVP and differentiated services (DS) network models. It provides details on:
1) RSVP uses objects like INTEGRITY, SCOPE, and RESV_CONFIRM carried in messages to establish and maintain reservations. Messages include a common header followed by objects.
2) The DS model aggregates traffic by service level agreements rather than per-flow reservations. Packets are marked with DS field codepoints to receive different per-hop behaviors like expedited forwarding or assured forwarding.
3) DS routers classify and condition traffic at ingress based on DS fields and traffic agreements. Core routers provide behaviors like low latency for expedited forwarding or high assurance delivery for assured forwarding traffic within configured rates.
X.75 Internetworking protocol
X.75 is an ITU-T protocol that defines how to interconnect multiple private X.25 packet switching data networks, allowing them to share resources and data across international and multiprovider areas by connecting backbone packet switches and translating addresses between networks. It supports multilink procedures between signaling terminal exchanges to facilitate communication between devices in separate X.25 networks located in different countries, like the US and UK, with the X.75 link being transparent to the end users.
User connectivity - Mature Packet Switching Protocols
X.25 defines link-level protocols that allow asynchronous terminals to connect to packet switching networks via low-speed connections. It provides both asynchronous and synchronous user connectivity options. Specifically, ITU-T Recommendations X.3, X.28 and X.29 define the interface protocols for asynchronous terminal connections, while X.22 defines synchronous dial-up connectivity for DTE services.
IP forwarding architectures and Overlay Model
The document discusses different approaches to IP forwarding in routers, including:
1. Category 1 retains the same forwarding paradigm but improves performance by modifying internal architecture, like replacing bus backplanes with switch backplanes.
2. Category 2 simplifies lookup using short, fixed-length labels instead of long, variable-length IP prefixes, like using VCI/VPI in ATM networks.
3. The overlay model overlays an IP network onto an ATM network, essentially creating two network infrastructures. The peer model maintains a single network infrastructure using existing IP addresses to identify systems and set up ATM connections.
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
This manual contains programs on object oriented programming concepts using C++ language.
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
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Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Recently uploaded (20)
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Theory of operations - Mature Packet Switching Protocols
- 1. Theory of Operations 1. Traffic Characteristics 2. X.25 Packet Switching Operation By: Pradnya Saval Asst. Professor, TCET Mumbai
- 2. Traffic Characteristics • To understand packet switching protocols following details must be known: • Types of traffic for transport • Characteristics of traffic • Bursty Traffic: • Data Transmission with duration of less than 5 seconds. • Often travels in one direction rather than equally in both direction. • Eg: HTTP browsing
- 3. Traffic Characteristics • Packet Switching networks accommodate traffic that is not delay- sensitive. • Two primary requirements for packet networks are burstiness and delay-insensitive traffic. • Due to dynamic allocation of bandwidth technique used by packet switching, bursty delay-insensitive traffic is ideal for transport over a packet switching network.
- 4. • The figure shows that: • Low speed terminal users at site A, B and C. • High Speed user host. • Terminals could use low speed X.3 circuits to request information downloads from the host. • Terminal traffic is very light (low-bandwidth usage) compared to the data traffic from the host (high-bandwidth usage). • The single 56Kbps multiplexed X.25 line from the host into the packet switching network depicts the efficiency of asymmetrical traffic patterns where the host will transmit much more traffic than it receives.
- 5. X.25 Packet Switching Operation
- 6. X.25 Packet Switching Operation (Cont..) • Packet Switching Network shows 6 nodes (1-6) each with 3 users (terminal A, B, and C) • Each user device is acting as a DTE and each network node is acting as a DCE. • Packets are routed based on the routing table via different paths. • Reassembly is done at the receiving node. • The DTE device transmits data to the network via synchronous mode X.25protocol. • Error checking and retransmission is done at every node.