This document provides an introduction to a course on international organizations. It defines international organizations as bodies that promote voluntary cooperation between member states. There are two main types: intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations. The goal of the course is for students to develop a theoretical and practical understanding of international organizations and the global problems they address. Key topics that will be covered include the history and theories of international organizations, the United Nations system, regional organizations, and how international organizations address issues like security, economic development, and the environment. The course will assess students through exams, papers, presentations and participation.

1. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR JILDIZ NICHARAPOVA

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Why do international organizations exist? What role do they
play in solving global problems? Traditional international
relations theories characterize the international system as
anarchic and focus on interactions between nation-states. Since
WWII, international organizations have become more prominent
players in the international system. Debate continues in academic
and policy communities over why international organizations
exist, whether they matter in global politics, and when they can
help alleviate global problems. Both in their practical and
theoretical aspects, international organizations (IOs) are a
dynamic and increasingly important element in the functioning of
modern world politics.

3. Goal of the course
The goal of this course is that students develop a theoretical as
well as practical understanding of international organizations
(IOs) and the global problems they attempt to address. Upon
completion of the course, students should be able to articulate
the leading explanations within political science for why IOs
exist, controversies surrounding IOs in the context of
international relations theory, why they are thought to help
solve global problems, and the major challenges IOs face in
meeting their objectives. Students should also be able to apply
theoretical arguments from the IR literature to several specific
cases.

4. COURSE ASSESSMENT & REQUIREMENTS
A. Attendance & Participation – 10% (Participation in
discussions, presentations)
B. Discussions on Seminar Readings/presentations – 30% (1.
Readings and presenting texts; 2. Presentation of one IGO)
C. Mid-Term Exam – 20% (Questions will be communicated)
D. Term Paper – 20%
E. Final Exam– 20% (Questions and cases will be
communicated)

5. Term paper
Each Student is required to write one term paper for this course.
Students should pick up one subject/case on international organizations (one
case/problem on IO. The main question is how to raise effectiveness of IO?) or consult
about their term paper with the instructor. Paper should include theories of IOs,
missions, history, geography, actions, and efficiency/inefficiency of the IOs and ways
of solving the problems of one IO.
Evaluation of the paper will be based on: Structure of the paper will be evaluated as
5% of the total paper grade
(title/abstract/keywords/introduction/methods/results/discussion/acknowledgments/liter
ature cited/appendices). Format of the paper will be evaluated as 5% of the total paper
grade. Paper should be between 2-4 Pages in length with Times New Roman, 12 font
and Double spaces. Students are encouraged to use MLA style. Bibliography also will
be counted. There should be more than 2-4 resources at least (indicated in
LITERATURE section of the syllabus). Content of the paper which reflects ability of
writing and thinking skills will be count as 10%. Moreover, there will be presentations
by the students in seminars. Each student will present his/her term paper topic (after
mid term) in 20-30 minutes with Questions/Answers.

6. TENTATIVE CLASS SCHEDULE
Week 1. Introduction to the International Organizations
02.09.2016 - Introduction to the Course and Syllabus
07.09.2016 –What are international organizations? Definition.
Classification and reasons of existence of International
Organizations (organizations of cooperation and organizations
of integration)
1.Beth Simmons and Lisa Martin, IOs and Institutions.
A.HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Week 2. The History of International Organizations
09.09.2016 – International Organizations up to the First World War
14.09.2016 – International Organizations after Second World War

7. B. THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS: WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION?
Week 3. The Analysis of International Organizations
16.09.2016 – Approaches to the study of International
Organizations
1.Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes,
International Organizations. A comparative Approach to the
Management of Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut,
2001, 280p. Chapter 1.
21.09.2016 – Workshop “Research Strategy” by AUCA library
staff

8. Week 4. International Organizations in
Theory
23.09.2016– Theories of International Organizations: Neo-realist, realist and neo-liberalist
perspectives of IOs
•
1.Lisa L.Martin, Beth.A.Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions,
International Organization 52, 4, Autumn 1998, pp: 729-757.
2.Keohane and Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory” International Security. 20.1. 1995. pages
39-51.
3.Robert Axelrod, Robert Keohane, “Achieving cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and
Institutions”World Politics, Vol.38, #1 (Oct.1985), pp: 226-254.
4.John J. Mearsheimer. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security, Vol. 19,
No. 3. (Winter, 1994-1995), pp. 5-49.
28.09.2016 – Marxist and Feminist Views on International Organizations
1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First
Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) chapter 4: Marxism and feminism

9. Week 5
Week 5. Theories of Integration and Regionalism
30.09.2016 – Theories of integration and regionalism (Federalism,
Functionalism and Neofunctionalism)
1.Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of IR, New Jersey, Prentice hall, 1978, 320 p.
Chapter 15: Integration: international and Supranational.
2.Louise Fawcett, Andrew Hurrell, Regionalism in World Politics. Regional
Organization and International Order, Oxford University Press, 1995, 342 p.
(Book)
05.10.2016 – Nature, types, tasks and conditions of integration/ Regional
Integration: regionalism, sub regionalism (EU, ASEAN, EEU)
1. Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of IR, New Jersey, Prentice hall, 1978, 320 p.
Chapter 17. Attaining and maintaining integration.
2. Regionalism and Global Politics, p: 480-506
3. Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International
Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of Cooperation,
London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 8: “International
Organizational Interactions”.

10. Week 6
Week 6. International Organizations and Administration
07.10.2016 – Organizational Ideology/Management Efficiency and
leadership effectiveness
1. Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International
Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of
Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 4.
12.10.2016 – Organizational Structure of institutions
1. Robert Jordan, Clive Archer, Gregory Granger, K.Ordes, International
Organizations. A comparative Approach to the Management of
Cooperation, London, Westport, Connecticut, 2001, 280p. Chapter 4.

11. C. UNITED NATIONS
Week 7. The United Nations System: Structures, Processes,
Functions
14.10.2016 – Historical Origins
19.10.2016 – Organizational Issues
Week 8. Midterm Week
21.10.2016 – Mid-Term Exam
26.10.2016 – Review of the MT
Week 9: UN and international security
28.10.2016 – Conflict Management, Nuclear Nonproliferation, Human
Rights and Humanitarian Activities
02.11.2016 - UN Peacekeeping Operations

12. D. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL
PROBLEMS
Week 10: Regional Security Organizations
04.11.2016 – Post-World War 2 Security Alliances
1. Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on
Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008,
345 p. (Book) chapter 6.
09.11.2016 – EU, NATO, OSCE, OTSC, the Arab League, SCO
Week 11: Political and Social Issues
11.11.2016 – Social and Humanitarian Issues
1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on
Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008,
345 p. (Book) chapter 10.
16.11.2016 – Strengthening Democracy and Human Rights

13. Week 12 and 13
Week 12. International Economic Issues and Regional Economic
Organizations
18.11.2016 – International organizations of economic issues: WTO,
IMF, GATT
23.11.2016 – Regional organizations:
Week 13. Organizations for Environmental issues
25.11.2016 – Environmental Problems (Protect Biodiversity, global
warming, protection of the Ozone)
30.11.2016 – International Efforts to solve environmental problems
(Conferences, Protocols, Conventions, etc.)
1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on
Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008,
345 p. (Book) Chapter 9.

14. Week 14, 15 and 16
Week 14. Organizations for Development
02.12.2016 – What is development?
1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-
First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) Chapter 8.
07.12.2016 – Three categories of development organizations: WB (development lending),
UNDP (development assistance), UNCTAD (development discourse)
1.Samuel Barkin, International Organizations: Theories and Institutions, Palgrave Macmillan,
2006, 185 p. (Book) Chapter 9.
Week 15. The Future of International Organizations
09.12.2016 – What role for IOs in 21st
Century: Realist, Liberal, Marxist, Feminist Cuts
1.Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-
First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 345 p. (Book) Chapter: 11.
14.12.2016 –
Week 16. Review of the Course
16.12.2016 - Review of the Course.
21.12.2016 - Review of the Course.

15. LITERATURE
1. Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press, 1984, 290
p. (Book)
2. Samuel Barkin, International Organizations: Theories and Institutions, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 185 p. (Book)
3. Kelly-Kate S.Pease, International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the Twenty-First Century, Pearson Prentice Hall,
2008, 345 p. (Book)
4. Louise Fawcett, Andrew Hurrell, Regionalism in World Politics. Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University
Press, 1995, 342 p. (Book)
5. Clive Archer, International Organizations, Routledge, 1992, 205 p. (Book)
6. Robert Keohane, International Institutions: Can Interdependence work? Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, 110, p:82. (Article)
7. Robert Keohane and Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory” International Security. 20.1. 1995. pages 39-51. (Article)
8. John J. Mearsheimer. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3. (Winter, 1994-1995),
pp. 5-49. (Article)
9. Robert Axelrod, Robert Keohane, “Achieving cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions”World Politics, Vol.38, #1
(Oct.1985), pp: 226-254. (Article)
10. Lisa L.Martin, Beth.A.Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions, International Organization 52, 4,
Autumn 1998, pp: 729-757. (Article)
11. Chris Braun and Christopher F. Chyba, “Proliferation Rings: New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime,”
International Security, vol. 29, no. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 5-49.
12. Stanley Hoffmann, “The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention,” Survival, vol. 37, no. 4 (Winter 1995-96), pp. 29-51.
13. Ernst B. Haas, “Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes,” World Politics, vol. 32, no. 3 (April 1980), pp. 357-
405.
14. Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, “The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations,” International
Organization, vol. 53, no. 4 (Autumn 1999), pp. 699-732.
15. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “The Real New World Order,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997), pp. 183-97.
16. Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of IR, New Jersey, Prentice hall, 1978, 320 p. (Book)
17. Ernst Haas,
18. Guillaume Devin,

16. Definition of the international organization
 What is international organization?
 Why do they exist?
 What achievements?

17. Authors
1. Karl Deutsch
2. Guillaume Devin
3. Clive Archer
4. Marie-Claude Smouts
5. Robert Keohane
6. Kelly-Kate S.Pease
7. Samuel Barkin
8. Louise Fawcett
9. Andrew Hurrell
10. John J. Mearsheimer
11. Robert Axelrod
12. Lisa L.Martin
13. Beth.A.Simmons
14. Stanley Hoffmann
15. Ernst B. Haas
16. Michael N. Barnett
17. Martha Finnemore

18. Definition of IOs
An international organization is “a body that promotes voluntary
cooperation and coordination between or among its members.” There are
many types of international organizations, but one way of categorizing
them is to distinguish between intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and
international non-governmental organizations (INGO).
The term international organization denotes an association of States
established by and based upon a treaty, which pursues common aims and
which has its own special organs to fulfill particular functions within the
organization”. French scholars make following classification or
categorization:
1.According to their objectives: General (UN, SCO, OSCE) and specific
organizations (NATO, EEU)
2.According to composition: Universal and regional
3.According to their competence: organization of cooperation and
organization of integration
The possession of at least one organ, such as a secretariat or a panel to
settle disputes among its members, for the fulfillment of its function, is the
minimum prerequisite for an IGO qualification. Nevertheless, the typical
structure of an IGO consists of three organs.

19. Predisposition toward IOs
What motivates states to establish Ios? A variety of
motivations a government will first seek national
means to meet its security, economic,
developmental or scientific and technological
needs. To join Ios, autonomy and freedom of state
will be circumscribed to some degree, even if the
management authority conferred on the IGO is very
low. The relations with other member-states of the
IGOs impose differing restraints on the actions and
behavior of all the participating governments.

20. Classification of IOs
Regionally oriented organizations predominate,
comprising 71,5% of the IGOs and 71,9% of the INGOs. In
addition to the global and regional categories, several
new categories have been added in recent years. An
intercontinental IGO is one whose membership and
preoccupations exceed that of a particular continental
region (OECD – US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New
Zealand, Europe), WTO, OSCE, NATO, etc. The universal
classification is applied to IGOs that have minimum 60
members (UN, WTO), other IGOs may be considered
universal if the distribution of at least 30 members is
balanced among various continents (UNESCO, IAEA, UN
FAO, OSCE, etc). Federation of IOs (UN) (Robert Jordan,
Clive Archer 2001)

21. Function or functions provide additional criteria for
categorization. 1). Providing collective military strength;
2). Advancing economic performance; 3). Improving
scientific and technological capabilities. In some cases
IGOs are assigned more than one function. Other
possible categories are scope of an IGO’s competence
and its degree of integration. The competence may be
general and limited. In terms of degree of integration
IGOs may be judged as being either very loosely
integrated, with a minimal institutional structure and a
minimum of powers conferred upon them by their
members. The highest level of integration exists when an
IGO approaches supranational status. The term
supranational means that the members have transferred
to it some of the powers of decision making and
implementation exercised by the national state. (EU)

22. Categories of IGOs
 Universal (global are designed to be open to all States on a worldwide basis) and
regional organizations (regional IGOs extend their activities in a specific
geographical region).
 Peace keeping and technical organizations are primarily concerned with the
maintenance of peace, the latter deal with administrative matters, such as postal
and telecommunication, air transport, trade, health, economic aid to developing
countries, etc. A strict distinction can, however, not be made because technical
organizations have also a peace keeping function.
 General and special organizations
 Traditional and supranational organizations
A traditional international organization is a union of States established by a
multilateral agreement under international law, which has its own autonomous
organs to pursue the common interests of the community of its members. The
following four elements can therefore be identified: (a) a treaty between (b) States;
(c) common interests; and (d) autonomous organs. These four elements are also
the framework of a supranational organization, which, however, possesses a
number of additional elements and peculiarities, which are alien to its traditional
ancestor.
 Political and non-political organizations (technical matters)

23. Categories of membership in IGOs
One has to distinguish between
Full members which possess all rights in IGOs, and
Associate members, which possess only limited rights in
IGOs; their rights and obligations are less than those of full
members. Associate members may have the right to sit in the
various meetings of the different organs and have a right to
speak, but are barred to vote.

24. Decision-making and voting procedures
 The rule of unanimity equality and sovereignty of States. No State can be bound
by a decision without its consent. In the UN Charter the principle of modified
unanimity is adopted in the Security Council. This means that unanimity only
among certain States is required.
 Majority voting Majority voting became the general rule both in universal
organizations and in the EU. Here we have to distinguish between
simple majority: more than 50% of members present and voting;
absolute majority: more than 50% of the members represented in a particular organ
or institution; and
qualified majority: two third, three quarter etc. majority;
 Equal and weighted votes
In IGOs the principle of “one State, one vote” prevails. However, some
organizations allocate to its members different voting powers, according to size,
population, amount of shares in those organizations, etc.

25. Theories of international
organizations
 Neo-realist perspective: International
Organizations and institutions are expected to
inform, direct and constrain the behavior of their
members through the development of institutional
rules, standards, and common interests
 Realist expectation: that members of international
organizations use them exclusively to pursue their
national interests
 Neo-liberalism expects IOs foster cooperation
beyond simply providing an opportunity for
member-states to pursue their interests and that
IOs develop their own identities.

26. How many IOs are there?
The number of IGOs increased dramatically form
about 30 in 1910, 70 in 1940, more than 1000 in 1981,
5,000 in 2013.
The Union of International Associations maintains
information and statistics on over 68,000
international organizations (both active and
inactive) that meet its criteria (25,000 international
non-governmental organizations (INGOs), excluding
for-profit enterprises, about 5,000 IGOs, and lists
dormant and dead organizations as well as those in
operation)

27. Theories of International Organizations
Realism: Realism’s central focus is the acquisition,
maintenance and exercise of power by states.
Power can be hard (military capabilities), power can
be soft (political, economic innovation). Realists are
pessimistic about the independent role of IOs,
arguing that IOs can neither constrain nor prevent
war. IOs, for all intents and purposes, tools that
powerful states use to control weaker countries. And
if Ios are extensions of great powers, they respond
only to great powers interests and direction. When
the security interests of the great powers conflict, Ios
are either discarded, ignored or are marginalized by
the states that created them.

28. Assumptions of realism
1. The state is the most important actor in IR.
2. The state is a unitary and rational actor.
3. International relations are essentially conflictual.
Anarchy compels states to arm themselves for
self-defense. IR is characterized by anarchy and
the balance of power. States must adjust their
policies to account for changes in the balance of
power.
4. Security and geostrategic issues or high politics,
dominate the international agenda. Neorealists
modify the traditional realist position by ascribing
greater importance to economic issues.

29. Realism and IO
Realists argue that no hierarchy of authority exists in IR. The IR is
characterized by anarchy, where authority resides with each
individual state. The international system is quite orderly
because a power hierarchy does exist among states. Realists
tend to classify states in terms of this hierarchy as super-, great-,
middle-, lesser powers. Hegemonic theory is an explanation for
the creation and behavior of IO. One type of power
distribution is a unipolar, hegemonic system in which a single
powerful state controls and dominates lesser states in the
system. The dominant state or hegemon creates Ios and
regimes to further its own interests and values in the IR. The
hegemon also provides incentives, such as security guarantees
or economic assistance in order to get other states to join. The
effectiveness of IO is directly related to the hegemon’s power.
(UN-US-USSR-NATO) If great powers wish to use force, no IO is
going to stop them. (Soviet-Afghanistan; British/French/Israeli-
Egypt (56), US-Grenada (84).

30. Realism and roles of IO
IO play little or no role in maintaining international
peace and security. Balance of power realities
dictate or not, war will break out. States will bypass or
ignore IO if their immediate security or important
national interests are at stake. IO have several
important functions: 1. IO provide a mechanism for
great power collusion. 2. IO are useful for making
minor adjustments within the existing order while the
basic underlying principles and norms remain
uncompromised.

31. Liberalism
Liberals see IR as a mixture of cooperation and
conflict and argue that IO can play a positive role in
promoting international stability and global welfare.
For liberals, the nature of IR has fundamentally
changed during the latter half of the 20th
century for
three reasons. 1. The importance of military force in IR
has waned. 2. Spread of democracy has instilled
values of compromise and the rule of law in
governments – values that inhibit decision-makers
from resorting to war to settle disputes. 3. Societies
are not isolated from each other as they were in the
past.

32. What is liberalism?
Liberalism in economics refers to a belief in capitalism and its emphases
on profit, private property, and a free, self-regulating market. In political
theory liberalism means a belief in individual equality, individual liberty,
participatory democracy and limited government.
The liberal theoretical approach to IR is based on 4 assumptions. 1. both
state and non state actors are important in IR. Liberals see nonstate
actors as important because these actors have independent as well as
indirect influences on the domestic and foreign policies of state. 2. State
is not a necessarily a unitary and rational actor. Governments are
composed of individuals, bureaucratic agencies, judicial and legislative
bodies that can have differing and competing interests. 3. the nature of
IR is a composite one – a combination of conflict and cooperation.
Complex interdependence is a defining characteristics of IR a
characteristic that conditions the behavior of state and nonstate actors.
4. a variety of issues can come to dominate the international agenda
(not only security or military issues, but others like economic, political,
social, etc.)

33. IOs and liberalism
The increase in transnational ties has led to
integration and interdependence which in turn has
led many societies to share common problems. Many
problems can be managed only through IO,
necessitating the creation of specialized international
agencies with technical experts. Cooperation in
narrow nonpolitical (economic and social) issues
areas leads to spillover into large more politicized
issue areas such as defense or monetary policy. As
cooperative behaviors become institutionalized IGOs
can evolve into supranational organizations such as
EU or WTO, the authority of nation-state would be
displaced incrementally by supranational institutions.

34. Role of IO and liberalism
Liberalism is more optimistic than realism about the contributions
and independence of IO in IR. Five interrelated roles can be
discerned from the liberal approach. 1. IO help states overcome
collective action problems. 2. Promote economic prosperity
and global welfare. 3. IO help societies develop shared values
and norms. Interdependence may reduce the chances of
violent conflict. IO foster certain values and help establish
certain norms that are conducive to the peaceful settlement of
disputes, such as compromise, reciprocity, multilateralism, and
rule of law. IO promote democracy and democratic institutions,
protect human rights, promote liberal international economic
order. 4. Integrative and performed principally by MNCs
common global market. 5. provide assistance to the victims of
international politics, poor, refugees, epidemics, disasters, war,
economic crises.

35. Marxism and IO
The Marxist approach to IR makes several important
contributions to understanding IR and IO. 1. Marxism
provides a critique to the dominant approaches
liberalism and realism. 2. M.offers a comprehensive
critique of capitalism as a mode of production.
Marxist analyses of capitalism have identified issues
that lead to conflict within and between societies. 3.
M. has articulated significantly different roles for IO –
they are tools of capitalism that undermine and
exploit subordinate classes.

36. Contemporary Marxism
M. As a theoretical approach rests on several
assumptions.1. Global capitalism determines the
position and behavior of actors in international affairs.
Capitalism (an economic and political system in
which a country's trade and industry are controlled by
private owners for profit, rather than by the state)
explains the dynamics of IR. 2. Principal unit in IR is
economic class (state, one class-bourgeoisie-
dominates the government)3. IR is essentially
conflictual. Capitalism fosters violence, inequality. 4.
Economic, not political or strategic, factors are most
important to understanding IR.

37. Marxism and role of IO
Marxist approach suggests 3 interrelated roles for IO.
1. For IGOs like UN, they are political complements to
capitalism. Financed and controlled by capitalist
states they promote a capitalist agenda. 2. Related
role of IO is that of mechanism of domination. IO are
tools that core states use to exploit and control weak
states. 3. both private and public IO is as developers
of hegemony.

38. Feminism and IO
Feminist approach is relatively new to IR. Its central purpose is to
understand how “gender” affects international politics and our
understanding of international processes. Gender refers to
societal norms and expectations regarding appropriate male
and female behavior. Men are expected to engage in war
fighting and women are not. Women are expected to care for
children and men are expected to work outside the home. The
feminist theoretical approach genders IO in several ways. 1.
Feminist approach critically examines the role and contributions
of women in IO. In terms of employment women are largely
excluded from traditional positions of power, making up less
than 4% of the decisions making elite in the UN system
(ambassadors, top management, senior staff). Women
constitutes more than 85% of the UN clerical and support staff.
Women who do occupy decision making positions tend to lead
agencies that are traditionally concerned with feminine issues
(WHO, UNICEF)

39. Feminism
2. Feminist scholars also spotlight the activities and
strategies of NGOs. The contributions of NGOs are
often ignored and are considered of less importance
than the activities of IGOs. 3. feminist theoretical
approach examines the effects of patriarchy or male
dominance in contemporary IO.